2014年考研英语二真题-名校题库网

单选题

Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies,Land Art was one of a range of new forms,including Body Art,Performance Art,Action Art and Installation Art,which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery.Rather than portraying landscape,land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The British Land Art,typified by Long's piece,was not only more domestically scaled,but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart.Indeed,while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves,Long's photograph of his work is the work.Since his“action”is in the past,the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point,but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of blackandwhite photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain's bestknown Land Artist and his Stone Circle,a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor,represents the elegant,rarefied side of the form.The Boyle Family,on the other hand,stands for its dirty,urban aspect.Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children,they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls.Their Olaf Street Study,a square of brickstrewn waste ground,is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature,particularly in the earlier works,such as John Hilliard's very funny Across the Park,in which a longhaired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns,gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs.While it probably wasn't apparent at the time,much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.Derek Jarman's yellowtinted film Towards Avebury,a collection of long,mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape,evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton,you can't help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply founda way of making his love of walking pay.A typical work,such as Seven Days,consists of a single beautiful blackandwhite photograph taken on an epic walk,with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath.British Land Art as shown in this well selected,but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape,more a kind of landscapeorientated light conceptual art created passing through.It had its origins in the great outdoors,but the results were as gallerybound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.Olaf StreetStudy____

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正确答案：E

本题解析：

根据题干中的关键词文定位到第四段第四句Their OlafStreet Study…，这句话指出Olaf Street Study是为数不多能够体现世俗的作品之一。E项中的depicts是原文中embrace的同义替换，ordinary side是原文commonplaceness的同义替换。

单选题

Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies,Land Art was one of a range of new forms,including Body Art,Performance Art,Action Art and Installation Art,which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery.Rather than portraying landscape,land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The British Land Art,typified by Long's piece,was not only more domestically scaled,but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart.Indeed,while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves,Long's photograph of his work is the work.Since his“action”is in the past,the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point,but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of blackandwhite photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain's bestknown Land Artist and his Stone Circle,a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor,represents the elegant,rarefied side of the form.The Boyle Family,on the other hand,stands for its dirty,urban aspect.Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children,they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls.Their Olaf Street Study,a square of brickstrewn waste ground,is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature,particularly in the earlier works,such as John Hilliard's very funny Across the Park,in which a longhaired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns,gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs.While it probably wasn't apparent at the time,much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.Derek Jarman's yellowtinted film Towards Avebury,a collection of long,mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape,evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton,you can't help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply founda way of making his love of walking pay.A typical work,such as Seven Days,consists of a single beautiful blackandwhite photograph taken on an epic walk,with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath.British Land Art as shown in this well selected,but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape,more a kind of landscapeorientated light conceptual art created passing through.It had its origins in the great outdoors,but the results were as gallerybound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.Towards Avebury_____

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正确答案：C

本题解析：

特征词对比根据题干中的关键词定位到第六段第三句话。这句话的主干部分Towards Avebury…evokes a tradition of English landscape painting所表达的意思是《走向埃夫伯里石》唤起了人们对英国山风景画传统的记忆。从同义替换的角度来看，C项的reminds对应原文中的evokes，English landscape painting tradition对应原文中的a tradition of English landscape painting。

单选题

Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies,Land Art was one of a range of new forms,including Body Art,Performance Art,Action Art and Installation Art,which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery.Rather than portraying landscape,land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The British Land Art,typified by Long's piece,was not only more domestically scaled,but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart.Indeed,while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves,Long's photograph of his work is the work.Since his“action”is in the past,the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point,but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of blackandwhite photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain's bestknown Land Artist and his Stone Circle,a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor,represents the elegant,rarefied side of the form.The Boyle Family,on the other hand,stands for its dirty,urban aspect.Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children,they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls.Their Olaf Street Study,a square of brickstrewn waste ground,is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature,particularly in the earlier works,such as John Hilliard's very funny Across the Park,in which a longhaired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns,gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs.While it probably wasn't apparent at the time,much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.Derek Jarman's yellowtinted film Towards Avebury,a collection of long,mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape,evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton,you can't help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply founda way of making his love of walking pay.A typical work,such as Seven Days,consists of a single beautiful blackandwhite photograph taken on an epic walk,with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath.British Land Art as shown in this well selected,but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape,more a kind of landscapeorientated light conceptual art created passing through.It had its origins in the great outdoors,but the results were as gallerybound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.Stone Circle____

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正确答案：D

本题解析：

特征词对比根据题干中的关键词定位到第四段第一句话Stone Circle,…,represents…，这句话表明Stone Circle代表了地景艺术优雅和阳春白雪的一面。其中D项中的British land art对应原文中的Land Artist，而represents the elegance是原文信息的复现，故为正确答案。

单选题

Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies,Land Art was one of a range of new forms,including Body Art,Performance Art,Action Art and Installation Art,which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery.Rather than portraying landscape,land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The British Land Art,typified by Long's piece,was not only more domestically scaled,but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart.Indeed,while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves,Long's photograph of his work is the work.Since his“action”is in the past,the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point,but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of blackandwhite photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain's bestknown Land Artist and his Stone Circle,a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor,represents the elegant,rarefied side of the form.The Boyle Family,on the other hand,stands for its dirty,urban aspect.Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children,they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls.Their Olaf Street Study,a square of brickstrewn waste ground,is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature,particularly in the earlier works,such as John Hilliard's very funny Across the Park,in which a longhaired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns,gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs.While it probably wasn't apparent at the time,much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.Derek Jarman's yellowtinted film Towards Avebury,a collection of long,mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape,evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton,you can't help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply founda way of making his love of walking pay.A typical work,such as Seven Days,consists of a single beautiful blackandwhite photograph taken on an epic walk,with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath.British Land Art as shown in this well selected,but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape,more a kind of landscapeorientated light conceptual art created passing through.It had its origins in the great outdoors,but the results were as gallerybound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.

Seven days____

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正确答案：A

本题解析：

特征词对比根据题干中的关键词定位到第七段第二句话“A typical work…on a epic walk”。选项A中的a long walk对应原文中的walking和epic walk（远足），originates from对应原文中的taken，the artist took对应该段第一句话提到的find a way of making his love of walking pay，说明该艺术家通过地景作品的创作使自己酷爱的步行产生了回报。

单选题

Emerging in the late Sixties and reaching a peak in the Seventies,Land Art was one of a range of new forms,including Body Art,Performance Art,Action Art and Installation Art,which pushed art beyond the traditional confines of the studio and gallery.Rather than portraying landscape,land artists used the physical substance of the land itself as their medium.The British Land Art,typified by Long's piece,was not only more domestically scaled,but a lot quirkier than its American counterpart.Indeed,while you might assume that an exhibition of Land Art would consist only of records of works rather than the works themselves,Long's photograph of his work is the work.Since his“action”is in the past,the photograph is its sole embodiment.That might seem rather an obscure point,but it sets the tone for an exhibition that contains a lot of blackandwhite photographs and relatively few natural objects.Long is Britain's bestknown Land Artist and his Stone Circle,a perfect ring of purplish rocks from Portishead beach laid out on the gallery floor,represents the elegant,rarefied side of the form.The Boyle Family,on the other hand,stands for its dirty,urban aspect.Comprising artists Mark Boyle and Joan Hills and their children,they recreated random sections of the British landscape on gallery walls.Their Olaf Street Study,a square of brickstrewn waste ground,is one of the few works here to embrace the commonplaceness that characterises most of our experience of the landscape most of the time.Parks feature,particularly in the earlier works,such as John Hilliard's very funny Across the Park,in which a longhaired stroller is variously smiled at by a pretty girl and unwittingly assaulted in a sequence of images that turn out to be different parts of the same photograph.Generally however British land artists preferred to get away from towns,gravitating towards landscapes that are traditionally considered beautiful such as the Lake District or the Wiltshire Downs.While it probably wasn't apparent at the time,much of this work is permeated by a spirit of romantic escapism that the likes of Wordsworth would have readily understood.Derek Jarman's yellowtinted film Towards Avebury,a collection of long,mostly still shots of the Wiltshire landscape,evokes a tradition of English landscape painting stretching from Samuel Palmer to Paul Nash.In the case of Hamish Fulton,you can't help feeling that the Scottish artist has simply founda way of making his love of walking pay.A typical work,such as Seven Days,consists of a single beautiful blackandwhite photograph taken on an epic walk,with the mileage and number of days taken listed beneath.British Land Art as shown in this well selected,but relatively modestly scaled exhibition wasn't about imposing on the landscape,more a kind of landscapeorientated light conceptual art created passing through.It had its origins in the great outdoors,but the results were as gallerybound as the paintings of Turner and Constable.Across the Park_____

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正确答案：G

本题解析：

特征词对比根据题干中的关键词定位到第五段第一句话。其中in which引导的定语从句是对《穿越公园》这一作品的内容描述，关键是这个定语从句中嵌套的that引导的定语从句，对images进行解释说明。而G项中的contains是对这句话中turn out to be的同义替换，different parts of the same photograph是原文信息的复现，故G为正确答案。

单选题

Text 4 When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads,railways,broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that?To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth.Then there is the scale of the typical housing project.It is hard to shove for attention among multibillionpound infrastructure project,so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless,the affordable housing situation is desperate.Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.The communities minister,Don Foster,has hinted that George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer,may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted,increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment,which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government.While these measures would be welcome in the short term,we must face up to the fact that the existing￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing,set to expire in 2015，is unlikely to be extended beyond then.The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if returns to power.The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of largescale public grants.We need to adjust to this changing climate.While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed,the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.

The author believes that after 2015,the government may____

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正确答案：D

本题解析：

推理题【命题思路】这是一道开放式推理题。考生需要将最后一段的主要内容和文章的主旨相结合进行推理。【直击答案】根据题干可以回文定位到最后一段。第二句提到用于建设经济适用房项目的资金将于2015年到期，而且不可能延期。这就意味着政府的投资停止了。D项与原文信息相符。【干扰排除】文中主要提到的是住房建设所遇到的资金问题，并没有提及政策性问题，因而A项属于无中生有，故排除。最后一段第四句话提到我们不可能再回到大规模的公共设施投资时代，因此政府未来将不会再重新审视大规模的公共设施投资需求，故B项与原文意思不符。同理，政府也不会更新经济适用房建设计划，故排除C项。

单选题

Text 4 When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads,railways,broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that?To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth.Then there is the scale of the typical housing project.It is hard to shove for attention among multibillionpound infrastructure project,so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless,the affordable housing situation is desperate.Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.The communities minister,Don Foster,has hinted that George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer,may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted,increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment,which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government.While these measures would be welcome in the short term,we must face up to the fact that the existing￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing,set to expire in 2015，is unlikely to be extended beyond then.The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if returns to power.The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of largescale public grants.We need to adjust to this changing climate.While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed,the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.

According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may____

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正确答案：A

本题解析：

细节题【命题思路】这是一道细节题，需要考生理解文中引用的人物观点。【直击答案】根据题干中的人名可以回文定位到第五段第二句话。这句话指出乔治?奥斯本将会让当地政府用来偿还建房借贷的限额变得更加宽松，并且在借贷限额放宽的情况下，将会另有六万套新房在未来的五年中建造。因而A项“允许更多的政府建房借贷”是正确选项，其中“greater government debt”是原文中“more flexibility to the current cap”的同义替换。【干扰排除】第五段最后一句话指出未来的五年政府将会建造六万套新房，B项的意思是阻止当地政府建房，这与原文信息正好相反，故排除。C项，减少住房贷款也与原文信息相反，故排除。文中提到随着建房借贷限额的提高，GDP也会随之增长，并未提到乔治会发布对GDP增长的预测，因而D项属于无中生有，故排除。

单选题

Text 4 When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads,railways,broadband and energy.Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that?To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame.We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth.Then there is the scale of the typical housing project.It is hard to shove for attention among multibillionpound infrastructure project,so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere.But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless,the affordable housing situation is desperate.Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this.It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need.There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that.The communities minister,Don Foster,has hinted that George Osborne,Chancellor of the Exchequer,may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt.Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted,increasing GDP by 0.6%.Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment,which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.But it is not just down to the government.While these measures would be welcome in the short term,we must face up to the fact that the existing￡4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing,set to expire in 2015，is unlikely to be extended beyond then.The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition's spending plans if returns to power.The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of largescale public grants.We need to adjust to this changing climate.While the government’s commitment to long-term funding may have changed,the very pressing need for more affordable housing is real and is not going away.

It can be inferred that a stable rental environment would_____

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正确答案：C

本题解析：

推理题【命题思路】这是一道封闭式推理题。考生只要对第六段一句话的内容做出正确的理解即可得出答案。【直击答案】根据题干回文定位到第六段。第六段的这句话指出，租赁环境的稳定性对注册供应商用税收投资新发展项目的能力有很重要的影响。这与C项“有助于投资新的发展”意思相符，而且“contribute to”与原文中的“have a significant impact”表达的含义一致，而且都是为了“fund new developments”，故C项为正确答案。【干扰排除】A项“cost”一词在文中并未提及，故该选项无中生有，是错误选项。B项“减少政府干预的影响”也未在文中提及，亦属于无中生有。第六段的主要内容集中在领导应该考虑创建更加稳定的租赁环境，进一步讲，他们应该承担更多的责任，而并非D项所表达的含义减轻了领导的责任，故D项与原文意思不符。

单选题

Text 2 An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that,actually,you think you’re more beautiful than you are.We have a deepseated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of selfenhancing strategies to research into what they call the“above average effect”,or“illusory superiority”,and shown that,for example,70%of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership,93%in driving and 85%at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into selfaffirming situations.We become defensive when criticized,and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem,we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into selfenhancement and attractiveness.Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others,he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves’from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive.Visual recognition,reads the study,is“an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”.If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image—which must did—they genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses.Nor was there any evidence that,those who selfenhance the must（that is,the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real）were doing so to make up for profound insecurities.In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher selfesteem.“I don't think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”,says Epley.“It's a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’.If you are depressed,you won't be selfenhancing.Knowing the results of Epley's study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves viscerally—on one level,they don't even recognize the person in the picture as themselves.Facebook therefore,is a selfenhancer's paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos,the cream of their wit,style,beauty,intellect and lifestyles.“It's not that people's profiles are dishonest”,says Catalina Toma of Wiscon—Madison university,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.

It can be inferred that Facebook is selfenhancer's paradise because people can_____

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正确答案：D

本题解析：

推理题【命题思路】这是一道原因推理题，考生在回文定位之后可以推理出正确答案。【直击答案】根据题干定位到最后一段第二句话，这句话中where引导的定语从句对这个paradise进行解释，而最后一句话引用专家的话进一步进行说明，指出“they portray an idealized version of themselves”，D项“掩盖了他们不吸引人的一面”是原文信息的正话反说，因此为正确答案。【干扰排除】第五段最一句话提到“这并不代表他们的档案不真实（dishonest）”，因而A项“展示了他们不真实的一面”与原文信息相反，故排除。第五段第二句话提到，在Facebook上他们可以展示出自己在机智、风格、美貌、智力和生活方式的精华面，因而B项“定义了他们传统的生活方式”在文中并未提及，C项“分享他们的智力追求”只是一个方面，该选项以偏概全，故排除。

单选题

Text 3 The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution,but this phenomenon tends to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries.And yet,it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle.Certain jobs have gone away for good,outmoded by machines.Since technology has such an insatiable appetite for eating up human jobs,this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we can't immediately foresee.When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology,jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened.This argument has attracted a lot of attention,via the success of the book Race Against the Machine,by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee,who both hail from MIT's Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument,and a scary one.And yet,John Hagel,author of The Power of Pull and other books,says Brynjolfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U.S.that tend to be“tightly scripted”and“highly standardized”ones that leave no room for“individual initiative or creativity.”In short,these are the types of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings.That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers,Hagel says.It's time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted,since we are still relying ona very 20th century notion of work,Hagel says.In our rapidly changing economy,we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination“to respond to unexpected events.”That's not something machines are good at.They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes,Brynjolfsson and McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book.We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine.In other words,we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it.So then the problem is not really about technology,but rather,“how do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?

According to the first paragraph,economic downturns would____

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正确答案：B

本题解析：

细节题【命题思路】这是一道细节题，重点考查对原文信息的理解以及因果关系的转换。【直击答案】根据题干中的关键词“first paragraph”和“economic downturn”可以回文定位到第一段第一句话。该句中的but属于句内转折，后半句是作者要强调的内容。该句指出“人们对这一现象感受最为深切的却是在经济滑坡和经济复苏敏感的时期”。选项B的表达与该句意思相符。其中“this phenomenon”指代前半句中的“man versus machine”，即选项B中的“machines’threat to human jobs”；而“highlight”是原文中“most acutely felt”的同义替换。【干扰排除】选项A中的“ease”与原文中的“most acutely felt”表述相反，故排除。选项C中的“painful”在原文中修饰的是“经济繁荣与萧条循环中的痛苦阶段”；且原文提及的是“industrial revolution”而非“technological revolution”，两者属于不同的概念。第一段第三句指出，机器淘汰了一些工作职位，而非选项D中的淘汰我们当前的经济结构，这属于张冠李戴。

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