题目详情

The followng paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G and filling them into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

  [A] These tools can help you win every argument—not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people, learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments—from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect and understanding—then we change the very nature of what it means to “win” an argument.

  [B] Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to learn how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weaknesses in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.

  [C] None of these will be easy, but you can start even if others refuse to. Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view. Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.

  [D] Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical fights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions—like, say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments, especially about politics and religion.

  [E] In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: “There is only one way ... to get the best of an argument—and that is to avoid it.” This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives—and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.

  [F] These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition, you can win by cheating as long as you don’t get caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid, or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win—in one way.

  [G] There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, “Yes”, and I yell, “No”, neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other, and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other’s positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.

英语一,历年真题,2019年考研《英语一》真题

正确答案及解析

正确答案
解析

由已确定选项F往前推断,又根据F选项首句的These views of arguments可知,上一段应讲述关于争论的观点。F选项第二句中所说“将谈话看作是一场斗争或比赛(see a conversation as a fight or competition)”指的就是首句所说的These views。备选项D提到了competitions,且D选项中的arguments were even just competitions与F选项句中的see a conversation as a ... competition表意相同,故正确。

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在社会规范学习与道德品质发展的研究中,班都拉(ABandura)等心理学家的研究重点是

  • A.道德认识
  • B.道德情感
  • C.道德意志
  • D.道德行为
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请在I、II两道试题中任选一题作答。若两题都答,只按第I道题的成绩计分。


I.阅读材料,并按要求回答问题。


大量证据表明,反馈是影响学生学业表现的最为重要因素之一。然而研究也发现,教师提供的反馈往往没有被学生很好地接收,也很少被学生用于改进自己的学习。教师的书面反馈常常伴有等级或分数,而呈现等级、分数会影响学生对反馈的充分理解。教师的口头反馈大多面向学生群体,而学生往往不认为这种反馈与自己有关。研究还显示与学生相比,教师把自己的反馈看得更有价值;而学生们则经常抱怨老师的反馈令人困惑、不够合理。有时,学生并没有理解教师的反馈却自认为已经理解了;即便理解了,他们也不知道如何将反馈意见运用到学习中。尽管教师非常重视反馈作用,但是在如下方面还需要做更多的工作:探索与学生个体特征相关的有效反馈策略;根据认知、元认知和动机变量来主动地为学生提供反馈;澄清反馈的性质、频率和时间安排。


请回答:


(1)根据上述材料,概括教师反馈效果不理想的五方面原因。


(2)2021年7月,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发了《关于进一步减轻义务教育阶段学生作业负担和校外培训负担的意见》,要求:“教师要认真批改作业,及时做好反馈,加强面批讲解,认真分析学情,做好答疑辅导”。结合上述材料,运用相关的学习理论、动机理论,谈谈这一要求的现实必要性。


(3)假定你是中学数学老师,面对一名内向、对数学缺乏自信的学生,你该如何更为有效地对其数学作业情况提供反馈?

II.阅读材料,并按要求回答问题。


2020年初,为应对新冠疫情,在教育部的统一部署下全国大中小学实行“停课不停学、停课不停教”,其中,各高校积极开展线上教学活动。在此背景下,某研究者开展“大学生线上教学认同感及其影响的因素分析”的问卷调查,试图回答与认同感相关问题。研究者定义了核心概念,编制了《大学生线上教学认同感及其影响因素问卷》。问卷由两部分构成:第一部分为学生背景资料,包括性别、年级、生源地、学校类型、专业类型;第二部分为问卷主体,包括情感态度、行为意向、成本效益评估、环境支持、主观期望五个方面,其中前两个方面为认同感,后三个方面为影响因素。第二部分每个方面由4个题组成,共20道题,所有题均采用李克特五点计分法。自编问卷通过预调查进行完善,然后正式实施问卷调查。


请回答:


(1)根据上述材料,谈谈该研究中核心概念操作化的步骤。


(2)预调查后需要对自编问卷进行哪些检验?


(3)正式调查后可以做哪些统计分析?

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书院虽萌芽于唐代,但作为一种教育制度却形成和兴盛于宋代。南宋教育家朱熹在《潭州委教授措置岳麓书院牒》中有一段文字:


契勘本州州学之外,复置岳麓书院,本为有志之士不远千里、求师取友至于是邦者,无所栖泊,以为优游肄业之地。故前帅枢密忠肃刘公特因旧基复创新馆,延请故右司侍讲张公先生,往来其间,使四方来学之士,得以传道授业解惑焉。此意甚远非世俗常见所到也。比年以来,师道陵夷,讲论废息,士风不振;议者惜之。


某叨冒假守,蒙被训辞,深以讲学教人之务为寄顾恨庸鄙,弗克奉承。到官两月又因簿书,未能一往。谒殿升堂延见诸生,诣考所合罢行事件庶革流弊,以还旧规。除已请到醴陵黎君贡生充讲书职事,与学录郑贡生同行措置外,今议别置额外十员,以处四方游学之士。依州县则例,旧破米一升四合、钱六十文。更不补试听候当职考察搜访,径行拨入者庶几有以上广圣朝教育人材之意,使凡为学者知所当务不专在区区课试之间,实非小补。


请根据上述材料并结合宋代书院、地方官学的发展状况,论述宋代书院相对于地方官学在教学管理方面的特点。

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阅读材料,并按要求回答问题。


小马是高二学生,对二战感兴趣,读过《秘密战争》一书,还在语文课外作业中提交过读书报告,此书是斯蒂文森的著作,记录了二战中许多秘密事件。


历史课上,郝老师提及战争一结束,丘吉尔就失去了人民的拥戴,小马举手发言:“英国抛弃丘吉尔,这好像不公平,他在战争期间,做过了不起的决定,大家不知道”。


郝老师问:“什么决定?”


小马说:“有一次,英国刚刚破译了德军密码,丘吉尔得知德军要轰炸考文垂市,是向考文垂市民发出警告,还是默不作声?如果发出警告,德军就会知道英国破获了他们的密码,如果默不作声,德军就无法知道他们的密码被人破获。丘吉尔不得不决定,选择保持沉默、未示警。后来盟军利用密码取得欧洲反攻成功。可是,考文垂市许多居民因无示警而死在空袭之下”。


小贾说:“这样的话,和杜鲁门下令轰炸广岛有什么两样呢?”


“可是,丘吉尔、杜鲁门都认为他们这样做能够挽救更多人的生命”小马回答。


郝老师说:“为挽救一些人而牺牲另外一些人,对吗?”


同学们一片安静。


郝老师重述问题:“小马说,丘吉尔、杜鲁门关心的是拯救人的生命,可是,他们为了救一些人而有意让另一些人死去,对吗?”


学生依然沉默,有几个点头。


郝老师问:“为什么?”


小苏:“从长远来说,可以救更多人。”


对此,小费说:“战争就是这么回事,只要你救的是自己的同胞。”


对此,小艾反问:“自己的同胞是不是比其他人更有生存权?”


(改编自郝什等《促进道德发展》)


请回答:


根据科尔伯格道德发展理论分析小马、小苏、小艾围绕生命议题做的道德判断。

试析上述课堂讨论在道德认知发展模式中的作用。

结合材料,谈谈课程思政的特点。


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在某项研究女童辍学原因的调查中,研究者对一位母亲进行了访谈。请指出下列访谈片段中涉及的三项访谈技巧,并评价其使用情况。


访谈者:您女儿辍学,您觉得可惜吗?


母亲一脸迷茫:为什么?


访谈者:我是说,您女儿不读书了,可惜吗?


母亲:不可惜啊,丫头上三两年就够了。


访谈者:我不太同意你的观点!让她把小学读完好不好?


母亲面带怒色:那不行,丫头大了,不能念了。(气氛略显紧张,沉默)


访谈者:您看电视吗?


母亲:不看,看不懂人家在干啥


访谈者:丫头看吗?


母亲(高兴):看,她看的懂,还给我讲。


访谈者:那她为什么看的懂。


母亲(想了想):嗯,念书了呗。


访谈者:看来读书有用是吧。


母亲:当然,她脑子聪明,报纸也能看,还借回书看


访谈者:既然念书好,您要是让她继续念,将来就更有出息呢


母亲:念书是好,但她不能念了,念了书谁做饭?


——改编自白芸《质性研究指导》

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