While the technological advancements that have brought us tailor-made online shopping at the click of a button is worth celebrating,the delirium that surrounded Amazon's Prime Day this week has left a bad taste in my mouth.Technological progress brings its own challenges,and the concerns of my constituents who have worked at our local Amazon fulfilment centre have only served to reinforce this view.There is something deeply disturbing about the sheer number of accusations being levelled at Amazon's working conditions,and that its warehouses seem to be filled with staff who say they are afraid to take time off sick.As one of the most successful companies in the world,Amazon appears to be failing the staff who keep this retail behemoth operating smoothly on a day-to-day basis,and who are therefore the real driving force behind the world's iechnological revolution.With a shocking 600 ambulance calls made co Amazon warehouses in the United Kingdom over the last three years,it is no surprise that in a member's survey of workers conducted by GMB,one worker described employment there as akin to"living in a prison".The strict targets that,are apparently imposed on staff mean that 70%of staff feel like they are given disciplinary points unfairly,while 89%believe they are being exploited.Moreover,there have been reports of an employee in laLe pregnancy being forced to stand for 10 hours a day,and ambulance calls due to"eleclric shocks"and"major trauma".An expose by Vice said that one former employee claimed to be hauled in for disciplinary procedures"after failing to call in sick from hospital following an epileptic seizure at work".These extensive reports into working practices at Amazon are clearly alarming,and suggest that while companies like Amazon reap the financial rewards of technological progress,they appear to be neglecting the health and safety of their workforce.I have therefore written a letter to the prime minister urging her to take a stand and ensure furt,her regulation is put into place to see that,Amazon's working conditions are reasonable and humane.What we need is a government that actively intervenes in these workplace disputes,and can address the problems that come with technological change and the unashamed desire to save money at the expense of the weUbeing of the worUorce,Implementing Labour's 20-point plan for security and equality at work would be a welcome start.By empowering trade unions and enforcing regulation to ensure safe and healthy environments,we can take a stand against companies like Amazon,whose workforce consistenLly feels ex-ploited and afraid.While the government continues to flounder,it is important.for us to reflect on whether the convenience of websites such as Amazon are truly worth the cost to workers who claim to suffer from the inadequate facilities and awful environments that are pervasive in these warehouses.My hope is that the more we shine the light on these working conditions,the more pressure Amazon will face to finally act.

According to the author,what is the best way to solve the problems that the Amazon workers face?

While the technological advancements that have brought us tailor-made online shopping at the click of a button is worth celebrating,the delirium that surrounded Amazon's Prime Day this week has left a bad taste in my mouth.Technological progress brings its own challenges,and the concerns of my constituents who have worked at our local Amazon fulfilment centre have only served to reinforce this view.There is something deeply disturbing about the sheer number of accusations being levelled at Amazon's working conditions,and that its warehouses seem to be filled with staff who say they are afraid to take time off sick.As one of the most successful companies in the world,Amazon appears to be failing the staff who keep this retail behemoth operating smoothly on a day-to-day basis,and who are therefore the real driving force behind the world's iechnological revolution.With a shocking 600 ambulance calls made co Amazon warehouses in the United Kingdom over the last three years,it is no surprise that in a member's survey of workers conducted by GMB,one worker described employment there as akin to"living in a prison".The strict targets that,are apparently imposed on staff mean that 70%of staff feel like they are given disciplinary points unfairly,while 89%believe they are being exploited.Moreover,there have been reports of an employee in laLe pregnancy being forced to stand for 10 hours a day,and ambulance calls due to"eleclric shocks"and"major trauma".An expose by Vice said that one former employee claimed to be hauled in for disciplinary procedures"after failing to call in sick from hospital following an epileptic seizure at work".These extensive reports into working practices at Amazon are clearly alarming,and suggest that while companies like Amazon reap the financial rewards of technological progress,they appear to be neglecting the health and safety of their workforce.I have therefore written a letter to the prime minister urging her to take a stand and ensure furt,her regulation is put into place to see that,Amazon's working conditions are reasonable and humane.What we need is a government that actively intervenes in these workplace disputes,and can address the problems that come with technological change and the unashamed desire to save money at the expense of the weUbeing of the worUorce,Implementing Labour's 20-point plan for security and equality at work would be a welcome start.By empowering trade unions and enforcing regulation to ensure safe and healthy environments,we can take a stand against companies like Amazon,whose workforce consistenLly feels ex-ploited and afraid.While the government continues to flounder,it is important.for us to reflect on whether the convenience of websites such as Amazon are truly worth the cost to workers who claim to suffer from the inadequate facilities and awful environments that are pervasive in these warehouses.My hope is that the more we shine the light on these working conditions,the more pressure Amazon will face to finally act.

The expression"levelled at"（Line l,Para.2）is closest in meaning to

Food in France is always political.Marie-Antoinette ran into trouble after advising the poor to eat cake;the far right has made its"fight"against halal meat in schools its rallying cry and don't get a French person started on whether to say pain au chocolat.or chocolatine（a burning topic dividing the country,which was even discussed in parliament in May）.Yet even by French stanclards,the developing row between butchers and vegans is quite something.Angry butchers have just written a letter to the French interior minister,Gerard Collomb,asking for police protection against violence from vegan"fanatics"who have mounted a guerilla campaign of intimidation against them.Butcher's shops arouncl the country have been sprayed with fake blood and vandalised by vegan activists."Stop speciesism"was daubed over one rotisserie in Lille and its windows were broken.Most traditional French cuisine（which was placed on UNESCO's world cultural hericage list in 2010）caters for the carnivore.Think of cassoulet,foie gras,quiche lorraine and boeuf bourguignon.And because the French take so much pride in that tradition,ditching animal products-not only meat,but also cheese-is widely frowned on.No matter that illustrious Frenchmen,such as Vollaire,were vegetarians.In the orthodox French mind,meal in various sauces makes the bulk of the meal:if you take it out,what's left?After I went vegetarian,my parents started cooking three dishes at every family meal to make up for the lack of meat-it being thought that if you don't.eat meat,there probably won't be enough food in your plate.In many French restaurants,vegetarians and vegans struggle to order something that isn't composed solely of three salad leaves and a radish.And from a young age,French schoolchildren are taught that a meal isn't complete without meat.Although carbs or vegetables are sometimes seen as optional,meat definitely isn't.French butchers are right to be angry about their vandalised shops and are perhaps womed that meat sales are falling as vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular.But their letter unnecessarily attempts to discredit veganism,dividing"normal"people who eat meat from the wild eccentrics who don't.Demanding police protection for a few broken windows also seems a bic over the top in light of the power of the meat industry lobby.This group exerts such influence that it recently defeated two measures seen as"anti-meat".First,the French parliament dropped a proposal to introduce at least one vegetarian school meal a week.Then it voted in favour of a ban of the use of meat-relaled words such as"sausage"or"bacon"for the selling of veggie or vegan alLernalive products.

Which of the following could be the best title of the text?

While the technological advancements that have brought us tailor-made online shopping at the click of a button is worth celebrating,the delirium that surrounded Amazon's Prime Day this week has left a bad taste in my mouth.Technological progress brings its own challenges,and the concerns of my constituents who have worked at our local Amazon fulfilment centre have only served to reinforce this view.There is something deeply disturbing about the sheer number of accusations being levelled at Amazon's working conditions,and that its warehouses seem to be filled with staff who say they are afraid to take time off sick.As one of the most successful companies in the world,Amazon appears to be failing the staff who keep this retail behemoth operating smoothly on a day-to-day basis,and who are therefore the real driving force behind the world's iechnological revolution.With a shocking 600 ambulance calls made co Amazon warehouses in the United Kingdom over the last three years,it is no surprise that in a member's survey of workers conducted by GMB,one worker described employment there as akin to"living in a prison".The strict targets that,are apparently imposed on staff mean that 70%of staff feel like they are given disciplinary points unfairly,while 89%believe they are being exploited.Moreover,there have been reports of an employee in laLe pregnancy being forced to stand for 10 hours a day,and ambulance calls due to"eleclric shocks"and"major trauma".An expose by Vice said that one former employee claimed to be hauled in for disciplinary procedures"after failing to call in sick from hospital following an epileptic seizure at work".These extensive reports into working practices at Amazon are clearly alarming,and suggest that while companies like Amazon reap the financial rewards of technological progress,they appear to be neglecting the health and safety of their workforce.I have therefore written a letter to the prime minister urging her to take a stand and ensure furt,her regulation is put into place to see that,Amazon's working conditions are reasonable and humane.What we need is a government that actively intervenes in these workplace disputes,and can address the problems that come with technological change and the unashamed desire to save money at the expense of the weUbeing of the worUorce,Implementing Labour's 20-point plan for security and equality at work would be a welcome start.By empowering trade unions and enforcing regulation to ensure safe and healthy environments,we can take a stand against companies like Amazon,whose workforce consistenLly feels ex-ploited and afraid.While the government continues to flounder,it is important.for us to reflect on whether the convenience of websites such as Amazon are truly worth the cost to workers who claim to suffer from the inadequate facilities and awful environments that are pervasive in these warehouses.My hope is that the more we shine the light on these working conditions,the more pressure Amazon will face to finally act.

According to Paragraph l,the author views technological progress with

Food in France is always political.Marie-Antoinette ran into trouble after advising the poor to eat cake;the far right has made its"fight"against halal meat in schools its rallying cry and don't get a French person started on whether to say pain au chocolat.or chocolatine（a burning topic dividing the country,which was even discussed in parliament in May）.Yet even by French stanclards,the developing row between butchers and vegans is quite something.Angry butchers have just written a letter to the French interior minister,Gerard Collomb,asking for police protection against violence from vegan"fanatics"who have mounted a guerilla campaign of intimidation against them.Butcher's shops arouncl the country have been sprayed with fake blood and vandalised by vegan activists."Stop speciesism"was daubed over one rotisserie in Lille and its windows were broken.Most traditional French cuisine（which was placed on UNESCO's world cultural hericage list in 2010）caters for the carnivore.Think of cassoulet,foie gras,quiche lorraine and boeuf bourguignon.And because the French take so much pride in that tradition,ditching animal products-not only meat,but also cheese-is widely frowned on.No matter that illustrious Frenchmen,such as Vollaire,were vegetarians.In the orthodox French mind,meal in various sauces makes the bulk of the meal:if you take it out,what's left?After I went vegetarian,my parents started cooking three dishes at every family meal to make up for the lack of meat-it being thought that if you don't.eat meat,there probably won't be enough food in your plate.In many French restaurants,vegetarians and vegans struggle to order something that isn't composed solely of three salad leaves and a radish.And from a young age,French schoolchildren are taught that a meal isn't complete without meat.Although carbs or vegetables are sometimes seen as optional,meat definitely isn't.French butchers are right to be angry about their vandalised shops and are perhaps womed that meat sales are falling as vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular.But their letter unnecessarily attempts to discredit veganism,dividing"normal"people who eat meat from the wild eccentrics who don't.Demanding police protection for a few broken windows also seems a bic over the top in light of the power of the meat industry lobby.This group exerts such influence that it recently defeated two measures seen as"anti-meat".First,the French parliament dropped a proposal to introduce at least one vegetarian school meal a week.Then it voted in favour of a ban of the use of meat-relaled words such as"sausage"or"bacon"for the selling of veggie or vegan alLernalive products.

What can we learn from the last paragraph?

While the technological advancements that have brought us tailor-made online shopping at the click of a button is worth celebrating,the delirium that surrounded Amazon's Prime Day this week has left a bad taste in my mouth.Technological progress brings its own challenges,and the concerns of my constituents who have worked at our local Amazon fulfilment centre have only served to reinforce this view.There is something deeply disturbing about the sheer number of accusations being levelled at Amazon's working conditions,and that its warehouses seem to be filled with staff who say they are afraid to take time off sick.As one of the most successful companies in the world,Amazon appears to be failing the staff who keep this retail behemoth operating smoothly on a day-to-day basis,and who are therefore the real driving force behind the world's iechnological revolution.With a shocking 600 ambulance calls made co Amazon warehouses in the United Kingdom over the last three years,it is no surprise that in a member's survey of workers conducted by GMB,one worker described employment there as akin to"living in a prison".The strict targets that,are apparently imposed on staff mean that 70%of staff feel like they are given disciplinary points unfairly,while 89%believe they are being exploited.Moreover,there have been reports of an employee in laLe pregnancy being forced to stand for 10 hours a day,and ambulance calls due to"eleclric shocks"and"major trauma".An expose by Vice said that one former employee claimed to be hauled in for disciplinary procedures"after failing to call in sick from hospital following an epileptic seizure at work".These extensive reports into working practices at Amazon are clearly alarming,and suggest that while companies like Amazon reap the financial rewards of technological progress,they appear to be neglecting the health and safety of their workforce.I have therefore written a letter to the prime minister urging her to take a stand and ensure furt,her regulation is put into place to see that,Amazon's working conditions are reasonable and humane.What we need is a government that actively intervenes in these workplace disputes,and can address the problems that come with technological change and the unashamed desire to save money at the expense of the weUbeing of the worUorce,Implementing Labour's 20-point plan for security and equality at work would be a welcome start.By empowering trade unions and enforcing regulation to ensure safe and healthy environments,we can take a stand against companies like Amazon,whose workforce consistenLly feels ex-ploited and afraid.While the government continues to flounder,it is important.for us to reflect on whether the convenience of websites such as Amazon are truly worth the cost to workers who claim to suffer from the inadequate facilities and awful environments that are pervasive in these warehouses.My hope is that the more we shine the light on these working conditions,the more pressure Amazon will face to finally act.

Why did most workers describe working in Amazon like"living in a prison"（Line 3,Para.3）?

When it was built in 1721 beside the River Derwent,in Britain's East Midlands,Lombe's silk mill became something of a tourisl attraclion.Daniel Defoe,one of its many visitors,described its"vast bulk"as"a curiosity of a very extraordinary nature".Employing some 300 people,mostly children in ghastly conditions,the mill was nol large by modern sLandards.But it is widely regarded as the first successful mechanised factory,an innovafion that over the next 100 years transformed the way people lived and worked.Lombe's mill is the natural starting-point for Joshua Freeman's lively chronicle of the factory,which as the title of his book"Behemorth"implies,concentrates on the largesl specimens of cheir time.Mr Freeman,a historian at Queens College in New York,travels from Britam's textile mills to monster steel and carmaking factories in 20th-century America,Europe and the Soviet Union.Mr Freeman rolls up his sleeves and delves into the nitty-gritty of manufaccuring.He successfully melds together those nuggets with social history,on the shop floor and beyond the factory walls,from union bacdes to worker exploitation.Consider,for example,his account of one of the most famous factory bosses of all.Henry Ford launched his Model T in 1908,curning the car from a luxury into a mass-manufactured product.Ford's original facLory used standardised parts and ficted them to vehicles as they travelled along a moving assembly line.The Model T,however,soon became obsolete.As Mr Freeman describes,yhis exposed the weakness of the giant system:it is extremely expensive and slow to switch a giant.factory from one product to another.In 1927 Ford halted produccion and laid o~f 60,000 workers,causing a social crisis in the Delroit area.After six months 15,000 machine tools had been replaced and 25,000 others rebuilt,so that the Rouge was ready to make the new Model A.At its zenith the factory employed 100,000 people.But it was a brutal place to work,with employees subject to harsh discipline and tyrannical foremen.As the switch from Model T to Model A plunged Ford into loss,Alfred P.Sloan,president of General Motors,presciendy observed that carmakers would need to"adopt the'laws'of Paris dressmakers".That meant bringing out new models more often.The shortening of product cycles and the fickle nature of modern markets has duly seen manufacturing atomise into smaller,nimbler,more specialist facLories.The Rouge,for instance,lives on,but with just 6,000 workers making pick-up trucks.Some see offshoring to low-wage countries,particularly in Asia,as the mega-factory's last hurrah.Yet long supply chains and distant plants are leaving producers vulnerable to rapid changes in their home markets,so production has been trickling back.Meamvhile new materials and manufacturing methods,such as 3D printing,are demolishing the economies-of scale that giant factories have relied on.Although Mr Freeman is not ready to write off his behemoths,he has probably written their obituary.

According to Paragraph l,the Lombe's silk mill is mentioned as

Food in France is always political.Marie-Antoinette ran into trouble after advising the poor to eat cake;the far right has made its"fight"against halal meat in schools its rallying cry and don't get a French person started on whether to say pain au chocolat.or chocolatine（a burning topic dividing the country,which was even discussed in parliament in May）.Yet even by French stanclards,the developing row between butchers and vegans is quite something.Angry butchers have just written a letter to the French interior minister,Gerard Collomb,asking for police protection against violence from vegan"fanatics"who have mounted a guerilla campaign of intimidation against them.Butcher's shops arouncl the country have been sprayed with fake blood and vandalised by vegan activists."Stop speciesism"was daubed over one rotisserie in Lille and its windows were broken.Most traditional French cuisine（which was placed on UNESCO's world cultural hericage list in 2010）caters for the carnivore.Think of cassoulet,foie gras,quiche lorraine and boeuf bourguignon.And because the French take so much pride in that tradition,ditching animal products-not only meat,but also cheese-is widely frowned on.No matter that illustrious Frenchmen,such as Vollaire,were vegetarians.In the orthodox French mind,meal in various sauces makes the bulk of the meal:if you take it out,what's left?After I went vegetarian,my parents started cooking three dishes at every family meal to make up for the lack of meat-it being thought that if you don't.eat meat,there probably won't be enough food in your plate.In many French restaurants,vegetarians and vegans struggle to order something that isn't composed solely of three salad leaves and a radish.And from a young age,French schoolchildren are taught that a meal isn't complete without meat.Although carbs or vegetables are sometimes seen as optional,meat definitely isn't.French butchers are right to be angry about their vandalised shops and are perhaps womed that meat sales are falling as vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular.But their letter unnecessarily attempts to discredit veganism,dividing"normal"people who eat meat from the wild eccentrics who don't.Demanding police protection for a few broken windows also seems a bic over the top in light of the power of the meat industry lobby.This group exerts such influence that it recently defeated two measures seen as"anti-meat".First,the French parliament dropped a proposal to introduce at least one vegetarian school meal a week.Then it voted in favour of a ban of the use of meat-relaled words such as"sausage"or"bacon"for the selling of veggie or vegan alLernalive products.

What is the general attitude of the French towards eliminating animal products?

While the technological advancements that have brought us tailor-made online shopping at the click of a button is worth celebrating,the delirium that surrounded Amazon's Prime Day this week has left a bad taste in my mouth.Technological progress brings its own challenges,and the concerns of my constituents who have worked at our local Amazon fulfilment centre have only served to reinforce this view.There is something deeply disturbing about the sheer number of accusations being levelled at Amazon's working conditions,and that its warehouses seem to be filled with staff who say they are afraid to take time off sick.As one of the most successful companies in the world,Amazon appears to be failing the staff who keep this retail behemoth operating smoothly on a day-to-day basis,and who are therefore the real driving force behind the world's iechnological revolution.With a shocking 600 ambulance calls made co Amazon warehouses in the United Kingdom over the last three years,it is no surprise that in a member's survey of workers conducted by GMB,one worker described employment there as akin to"living in a prison".The strict targets that,are apparently imposed on staff mean that 70%of staff feel like they are given disciplinary points unfairly,while 89%believe they are being exploited.Moreover,there have been reports of an employee in laLe pregnancy being forced to stand for 10 hours a day,and ambulance calls due to"eleclric shocks"and"major trauma".An expose by Vice said that one former employee claimed to be hauled in for disciplinary procedures"after failing to call in sick from hospital following an epileptic seizure at work".These extensive reports into working practices at Amazon are clearly alarming,and suggest that while companies like Amazon reap the financial rewards of technological progress,they appear to be neglecting the health and safety of their workforce.I have therefore written a letter to the prime minister urging her to take a stand and ensure furt,her regulation is put into place to see that,Amazon's working conditions are reasonable and humane.What we need is a government that actively intervenes in these workplace disputes,and can address the problems that come with technological change and the unashamed desire to save money at the expense of the weUbeing of the worUorce,Implementing Labour's 20-point plan for security and equality at work would be a welcome start.By empowering trade unions and enforcing regulation to ensure safe and healthy environments,we can take a stand against companies like Amazon,whose workforce consistenLly feels ex-ploited and afraid.While the government continues to flounder,it is important.for us to reflect on whether the convenience of websites such as Amazon are truly worth the cost to workers who claim to suffer from the inadequate facilities and awful environments that are pervasive in these warehouses.My hope is that the more we shine the light on these working conditions,the more pressure Amazon will face to finally act.

Which of the following could be the title of the text?

When it was built in 1721 beside the River Derwent,in Britain's East Midlands,Lombe's silk mill became something of a tourisl attraclion.Daniel Defoe,one of its many visitors,described its"vast bulk"as"a curiosity of a very extraordinary nature".Employing some 300 people,mostly children in ghastly conditions,the mill was nol large by modern sLandards.But it is widely regarded as the first successful mechanised factory,an innovafion that over the next 100 years transformed the way people lived and worked.Lombe's mill is the natural starting-point for Joshua Freeman's lively chronicle of the factory,which as the title of his book"Behemorth"implies,concentrates on the largesl specimens of cheir time.Mr Freeman,a historian at Queens College in New York,travels from Britam's textile mills to monster steel and carmaking factories in 20th-century America,Europe and the Soviet Union.Mr Freeman rolls up his sleeves and delves into the nitty-gritty of manufaccuring.He successfully melds together those nuggets with social history,on the shop floor and beyond the factory walls,from union bacdes to worker exploitation.Consider,for example,his account of one of the most famous factory bosses of all.Henry Ford launched his Model T in 1908,curning the car from a luxury into a mass-manufactured product.Ford's original facLory used standardised parts and ficted them to vehicles as they travelled along a moving assembly line.The Model T,however,soon became obsolete.As Mr Freeman describes,yhis exposed the weakness of the giant system:it is extremely expensive and slow to switch a giant.factory from one product to another.In 1927 Ford halted produccion and laid o~f 60,000 workers,causing a social crisis in the Delroit area.After six months 15,000 machine tools had been replaced and 25,000 others rebuilt,so that the Rouge was ready to make the new Model A.At its zenith the factory employed 100,000 people.But it was a brutal place to work,with employees subject to harsh discipline and tyrannical foremen.As the switch from Model T to Model A plunged Ford into loss,Alfred P.Sloan,president of General Motors,presciendy observed that carmakers would need to"adopt the'laws'of Paris dressmakers".That meant bringing out new models more often.The shortening of product cycles and the fickle nature of modern markets has duly seen manufacturing atomise into smaller,nimbler,more specialist facLories.The Rouge,for instance,lives on,but with just 6,000 workers making pick-up trucks.Some see offshoring to low-wage countries,particularly in Asia,as the mega-factory's last hurrah.Yet long supply chains and distant plants are leaving producers vulnerable to rapid changes in their home markets,so production has been trickling back.Meamvhile new materials and manufacturing methods,such as 3D printing,are demolishing the economies-of scale that giant factories have relied on.Although Mr Freeman is not ready to write off his behemoths,he has probably written their obituary.

According to Paragraph 5,what did Alfred P.Sloan suggest?

When it was built in 1721 beside the River Derwent,in Britain's East Midlands,Lombe's silk mill became something of a tourisl attraclion.Daniel Defoe,one of its many visitors,described its"vast bulk"as"a curiosity of a very extraordinary nature".Employing some 300 people,mostly children in ghastly conditions,the mill was nol large by modern sLandards.But it is widely regarded as the first successful mechanised factory,an innovafion that over the next 100 years transformed the way people lived and worked.Lombe's mill is the natural starting-point for Joshua Freeman's lively chronicle of the factory,which as the title of his book"Behemorth"implies,concentrates on the largesl specimens of cheir time.Mr Freeman,a historian at Queens College in New York,travels from Britam's textile mills to monster steel and carmaking factories in 20th-century America,Europe and the Soviet Union.Mr Freeman rolls up his sleeves and delves into the nitty-gritty of manufaccuring.He successfully melds together those nuggets with social history,on the shop floor and beyond the factory walls,from union bacdes to worker exploitation.Consider,for example,his account of one of the most famous factory bosses of all.Henry Ford launched his Model T in 1908,curning the car from a luxury into a mass-manufactured product.Ford's original facLory used standardised parts and ficted them to vehicles as they travelled along a moving assembly line.The Model T,however,soon became obsolete.As Mr Freeman describes,yhis exposed the weakness of the giant system:it is extremely expensive and slow to switch a giant.factory from one product to another.In 1927 Ford halted produccion and laid o~f 60,000 workers,causing a social crisis in the Delroit area.After six months 15,000 machine tools had been replaced and 25,000 others rebuilt,so that the Rouge was ready to make the new Model A.At its zenith the factory employed 100,000 people.But it was a brutal place to work,with employees subject to harsh discipline and tyrannical foremen.As the switch from Model T to Model A plunged Ford into loss,Alfred P.Sloan,president of General Motors,presciendy observed that carmakers would need to"adopt the'laws'of Paris dressmakers".That meant bringing out new models more often.The shortening of product cycles and the fickle nature of modern markets has duly seen manufacturing atomise into smaller,nimbler,more specialist facLories.The Rouge,for instance,lives on,but with just 6,000 workers making pick-up trucks.Some see offshoring to low-wage countries,particularly in Asia,as the mega-factory's last hurrah.Yet long supply chains and distant plants are leaving producers vulnerable to rapid changes in their home markets,so production has been trickling back.Meamvhile new materials and manufacturing methods,such as 3D printing,are demolishing the economies-of scale that giant factories have relied on.Although Mr Freeman is not ready to write off his behemoths,he has probably written their obituary.

What is the author's attitude towards the future of the giant factories?

When it was built in 1721 beside the River Derwent,in Britain's East Midlands,Lombe's silk mill became something of a tourisl attraclion.Daniel Defoe,one of its many visitors,described its"vast bulk"as"a curiosity of a very extraordinary nature".Employing some 300 people,mostly children in ghastly conditions,the mill was nol large by modern sLandards.But it is widely regarded as the first successful mechanised factory,an innovafion that over the next 100 years transformed the way people lived and worked.Lombe's mill is the natural starting-point for Joshua Freeman's lively chronicle of the factory,which as the title of his book"Behemorth"implies,concentrates on the largesl specimens of cheir time.Mr Freeman,a historian at Queens College in New York,travels from Britam's textile mills to monster steel and carmaking factories in 20th-century America,Europe and the Soviet Union.Mr Freeman rolls up his sleeves and delves into the nitty-gritty of manufaccuring.He successfully melds together those nuggets with social history,on the shop floor and beyond the factory walls,from union bacdes to worker exploitation.Consider,for example,his account of one of the most famous factory bosses of all.Henry Ford launched his Model T in 1908,curning the car from a luxury into a mass-manufactured product.Ford's original facLory used standardised parts and ficted them to vehicles as they travelled along a moving assembly line.The Model T,however,soon became obsolete.As Mr Freeman describes,yhis exposed the weakness of the giant system:it is extremely expensive and slow to switch a giant.factory from one product to another.In 1927 Ford halted produccion and laid o~f 60,000 workers,causing a social crisis in the Delroit area.After six months 15,000 machine tools had been replaced and 25,000 others rebuilt,so that the Rouge was ready to make the new Model A.At its zenith the factory employed 100,000 people.But it was a brutal place to work,with employees subject to harsh discipline and tyrannical foremen.As the switch from Model T to Model A plunged Ford into loss,Alfred P.Sloan,president of General Motors,presciendy observed that carmakers would need to"adopt the'laws'of Paris dressmakers".That meant bringing out new models more often.The shortening of product cycles and the fickle nature of modern markets has duly seen manufacturing atomise into smaller,nimbler,more specialist facLories.The Rouge,for instance,lives on,but with just 6,000 workers making pick-up trucks.Some see offshoring to low-wage countries,particularly in Asia,as the mega-factory's last hurrah.Yet long supply chains and distant plants are leaving producers vulnerable to rapid changes in their home markets,so production has been trickling back.Meamvhile new materials and manufacturing methods,such as 3D printing,are demolishing the economies-of scale that giant factories have relied on.Although Mr Freeman is not ready to write off his behemoths,he has probably written their obituary.

The case of Ford's failure to change from Model T to Model A intends to show

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

1选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

2选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

4选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

3选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

9选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

11选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

13选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

8选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

5选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

7选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

12选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

10选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

14选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

6选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

18选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

15选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

17选？

We need to follow the lead of Britain's families and put in the hard work to renew the contract between the generations.You don't get a better Britain by chance-you have to build it.Nor are we likely to overcome the divides facing our country by accident-we have to unify it.But when it comes to ensuring that Britain works for all generations,young and old,as a society we too often leave il to chance,something families would never do.The giving and taking of the generational contract,in which we support young and old,feels like the natural order of things.Cont.ributing when we can and being looked after when in need is what we do every day as 14 million parents bring up their children.And just as that contract underpins our families,it has long underpinned our socieLy and welfare state.But this intergeneraLional conLiact is under pressure.We are already failing to provide the social care our older generations deserve,need and expect.And this is before the real pressures,and a~24bn bill,from delivering on our health and care obligations in an ageing society arrive in the next decade.Solution after solution has been panned,binned or pushed into the long grass by government after government.The need co renew our intergenerational conLract is clear and urgenl,bul doing so is far from easy.It requires new thinking and tough trade-offsPfrom how we deal wich the fiscal pressures of an ageing society in a way that is generationally fair,to how we deliver the housing young people need while respecting the communities everyone values.And the polit,ics are far from straightforward.Renewal should involve an agenda appealing to all generations,but voters'party preferences have never been so starkly divided by age.This state of affairs-with the Conservatives reliant on older people who are most likely to vote,and Labour sitting on a lead amongst younger generations who represent the fucure of British elections-is not desirable for the parties themselves or our counlry as a whole.We need our political leaders co rise to this challenge with an appeal to all generations.It can be done,as the forthcoming final report of the Incergenerational Comm]ssion will lay out.We can deliver the health and care older generations deserve,withoul simply asking younger workers to bear all the costs.We can do more to promote educacion and skills,especially for those who have not chosen on the university route.We can provide more security for yoimg people,from the jobs they do to the homes they renL.And we can show younger generations thal owning a home is a realit,y not a dislanl prospect in 21st-century Britain.Such an appeal across generations is che route to building a better Bricain-and a more united one,too.

The author suggests in the rirst paragraph chat

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

19选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

16选？

As I write these words,a triumphant horn is erupting in my ear over the thythmic bowing of violins.In fact,as you read,I would l you to listen along-just search"Battlefield One."1 2 you'll focus jusL a bii better with it playing in the background.3,as a video game soundtrack it's designed to have exacdy that 4.This is,by far,the best Life Pro Tip I've ever gotten or given:Listen to music from video games when you need to 5.It's a whole genre designed to simultaneously 6 your senses and blend into the background of your brain,7 that's the point.of the soundtrack.It has to 8 you,the player,in a task without distracting from iL.In fact,the best music would actually 9 the listener to che task.Plenty of studies 10 that having some sound around you can help you focus,11 because it gives your subconscious something to 12.It doesn't have to focus on Lhat coughing coworker or the occasional sound of doors closing,13 you aren't distracted by intermittent interruptions.Music seems to focus us the best,14 not just any music.The latest#1 single is more 15 to make you sing along and tap your toes than.16 into your work day.Silence,on the other hand,seems to make office workers 17 and less proficient than their music-listening compatriots.18 some surgeons use music to get in the groove,and research 19 those who do this perform operations more efficiently and with higher 20.

20选？

We need to follow the lead of Britain's families and put in the hard work to renew the contract between the generations.You don't get a better Britain by chance-you have to build it.Nor are we likely to overcome the divides facing our country by accident-we have to unify it.But when it comes to ensuring that Britain works for all generations,young and old,as a society we too often leave il to chance,something families would never do.The giving and taking of the generational contract,in which we support young and old,feels like the natural order of things.Cont.ributing when we can and being looked after when in need is what we do every day as 14 million parents bring up their children.And just as that contract underpins our families,it has long underpinned our socieLy and welfare state.But this intergeneraLional conLiact is under pressure.We are already failing to provide the social care our older generations deserve,need and expect.And this is before the real pressures,and a~24bn bill,from delivering on our health and care obligations in an ageing society arrive in the next decade.Solution after solution has been panned,binned or pushed into the long grass by government after government.The need co renew our intergenerational conLract is clear and urgenl,bul doing so is far from easy.It requires new thinking and tough trade-offsPfrom how we deal wich the fiscal pressures of an ageing society in a way that is generationally fair,to how we deliver the housing young people need while respecting the communities everyone values.And the polit,ics are far from straightforward.Renewal should involve an agenda appealing to all generations,but voters'party preferences have never been so starkly divided by age.This state of affairs-with the Conservatives reliant on older people who are most likely to vote,and Labour sitting on a lead amongst younger generations who represent the fucure of British elections-is not desirable for the parties themselves or our counlry as a whole.We need our political leaders co rise to this challenge with an appeal to all generations.It can be done,as the forthcoming final report of the Incergenerational Comm]ssion will lay out.We can deliver the health and care older generations deserve,withoul simply asking younger workers to bear all the costs.We can do more to promote educacion and skills,especially for those who have not chosen on the university route.We can provide more security for yoimg people,from the jobs they do to the homes they renL.And we can show younger generations thal owning a home is a realit,y not a dislanl prospect in 21st-century Britain.Such an appeal across generations is che route to building a better Bricain-and a more united one,too.

What does the real pressure that the inter-generational contract is facing refer to?

We need to follow the lead of Britain's families and put in the hard work to renew the contract between the generations.You don't get a better Britain by chance-you have to build it.Nor are we likely to overcome the divides facing our country by accident-we have to unify it.But when it comes to ensuring that Britain works for all generations,young and old,as a society we too often leave il to chance,something families would never do.The giving and taking of the generational contract,in which we support young and old,feels like the natural order of things.Cont.ributing when we can and being looked after when in need is what we do every day as 14 million parents bring up their children.And just as that contract underpins our families,it has long underpinned our socieLy and welfare state.But this intergeneraLional conLiact is under pressure.We are already failing to provide the social care our older generations deserve,need and expect.And this is before the real pressures,and a~24bn bill,from delivering on our health and care obligations in an ageing society arrive in the next decade.Solution after solution has been panned,binned or pushed into the long grass by government after government.The need co renew our intergenerational conLract is clear and urgenl,bul doing so is far from easy.It requires new thinking and tough trade-offsPfrom how we deal wich the fiscal pressures of an ageing society in a way that is generationally fair,to how we deliver the housing young people need while respecting the communities everyone values.And the polit,ics are far from straightforward.Renewal should involve an agenda appealing to all generations,but voters'party preferences have never been so starkly divided by age.This state of affairs-with the Conservatives reliant on older people who are most likely to vote,and Labour sitting on a lead amongst younger generations who represent the fucure of British elections-is not desirable for the parties themselves or our counlry as a whole.We need our political leaders co rise to this challenge with an appeal to all generations.It can be done,as the forthcoming final report of the Incergenerational Comm]ssion will lay out.We can deliver the health and care older generations deserve,withoul simply asking younger workers to bear all the costs.We can do more to promote educacion and skills,especially for those who have not chosen on the university route.We can provide more security for yoimg people,from the jobs they do to the homes they renL.And we can show younger generations thal owning a home is a realit,y not a dislanl prospect in 21st-century Britain.Such an appeal across generations is che route to building a better Bricain-and a more united one,too.

Which of the following is TRUE about renewing the contract?

Food in France is always political.Marie-Antoinette ran into trouble after advising the poor to eat cake;the far right has made its"fight"against halal meat in schools its rallying cry and don't get a French person started on whether to say pain au chocolat.or chocolatine（a burning topic dividing the country,which was even discussed in parliament in May）.Yet even by French stanclards,the developing row between butchers and vegans is quite something.Angry butchers have just written a letter to the French interior minister,Gerard Collomb,asking for police protection against violence from vegan"fanatics"who have mounted a guerilla campaign of intimidation against them.Butcher's shops arouncl the country have been sprayed with fake blood and vandalised by vegan activists."Stop speciesism"was daubed over one rotisserie in Lille and its windows were broken.Most traditional French cuisine（which was placed on UNESCO's world cultural hericage list in 2010）caters for the carnivore.Think of cassoulet,foie gras,quiche lorraine and boeuf bourguignon.And because the French take so much pride in that tradition,ditching animal products-not only meat,but also cheese-is widely frowned on.No matter that illustrious Frenchmen,such as Vollaire,were vegetarians.In the orthodox French mind,meal in various sauces makes the bulk of the meal:if you take it out,what's left?After I went vegetarian,my parents started cooking three dishes at every family meal to make up for the lack of meat-it being thought that if you don't.eat meat,there probably won't be enough food in your plate.In many French restaurants,vegetarians and vegans struggle to order something that isn't composed solely of three salad leaves and a radish.And from a young age,French schoolchildren are taught that a meal isn't complete without meat.Although carbs or vegetables are sometimes seen as optional,meat definitely isn't.French butchers are right to be angry about their vandalised shops and are perhaps womed that meat sales are falling as vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular.But their letter unnecessarily attempts to discredit veganism,dividing"normal"people who eat meat from the wild eccentrics who don't.Demanding police protection for a few broken windows also seems a bic over the top in light of the power of the meat industry lobby.This group exerts such influence that it recently defeated two measures seen as"anti-meat".First,the French parliament dropped a proposal to introduce at least one vegetarian school meal a week.Then it voted in favour of a ban of the use of meat-relaled words such as"sausage"or"bacon"for the selling of veggie or vegan alLernalive products.

It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that

Food in France is always political.Marie-Antoinette ran into trouble after advising the poor to eat cake;the far right has made its"fight"against halal meat in schools its rallying cry and don't get a French person started on whether to say pain au chocolat.or chocolatine（a burning topic dividing the country,which was even discussed in parliament in May）.Yet even by French stanclards,the developing row between butchers and vegans is quite something.Angry butchers have just written a letter to the French interior minister,Gerard Collomb,asking for police protection against violence from vegan"fanatics"who have mounted a guerilla campaign of intimidation against them.Butcher's shops arouncl the country have been sprayed with fake blood and vandalised by vegan activists."Stop speciesism"was daubed over one rotisserie in Lille and its windows were broken.Most traditional French cuisine（which was placed on UNESCO's world cultural hericage list in 2010）caters for the carnivore.Think of cassoulet,foie gras,quiche lorraine and boeuf bourguignon.And because the French take so much pride in that tradition,ditching animal products-not only meat,but also cheese-is widely frowned on.No matter that illustrious Frenchmen,such as Vollaire,were vegetarians.In the orthodox French mind,meal in various sauces makes the bulk of the meal:if you take it out,what's left?After I went vegetarian,my parents started cooking three dishes at every family meal to make up for the lack of meat-it being thought that if you don't.eat meat,there probably won't be enough food in your plate.In many French restaurants,vegetarians and vegans struggle to order something that isn't composed solely of three salad leaves and a radish.And from a young age,French schoolchildren are taught that a meal isn't complete without meat.Although carbs or vegetables are sometimes seen as optional,meat definitely isn't.French butchers are right to be angry about their vandalised shops and are perhaps womed that meat sales are falling as vegetarianism and veganism are becoming more popular.But their letter unnecessarily attempts to discredit veganism,dividing"normal"people who eat meat from the wild eccentrics who don't.Demanding police protection for a few broken windows also seems a bic over the top in light of the power of the meat industry lobby.This group exerts such influence that it recently defeated two measures seen as"anti-meat".First,the French parliament dropped a proposal to introduce at least one vegetarian school meal a week.Then it voted in favour of a ban of the use of meat-relaled words such as"sausage"or"bacon"for the selling of veggie or vegan alLernalive products.

By citing Marie-Antoinette's words,the author aims to explain.

We need to follow the lead of Britain's families and put in the hard work to renew the contract between the generations.You don't get a better Britain by chance-you have to build it.Nor are we likely to overcome the divides facing our country by accident-we have to unify it.But when it comes to ensuring that Britain works for all generations,young and old,as a society we too often leave il to chance,something families would never do.The giving and taking of the generational contract,in which we support young and old,feels like the natural order of things.Cont.ributing when we can and being looked after when in need is what we do every day as 14 million parents bring up their children.And just as that contract underpins our families,it has long underpinned our socieLy and welfare state.But this intergeneraLional conLiact is under pressure.We are already failing to provide the social care our older generations deserve,need and expect.And this is before the real pressures,and a~24bn bill,from delivering on our health and care obligations in an ageing society arrive in the next decade.Solution after solution has been panned,binned or pushed into the long grass by government after government.The need co renew our intergenerational conLract is clear and urgenl,bul doing so is far from easy.It requires new thinking and tough trade-offsPfrom how we deal wich the fiscal pressures of an ageing society in a way that is generationally fair,to how we deliver the housing young people need while respecting the communities everyone values.And the polit,ics are far from straightforward.Renewal should involve an agenda appealing to all generations,but voters'party preferences have never been so starkly divided by age.This state of affairs-with the Conservatives reliant on older people who are most likely to vote,and Labour sitting on a lead amongst younger generations who represent the fucure of British elections-is not desirable for the parties themselves or our counlry as a whole.We need our political leaders co rise to this challenge with an appeal to all generations.It can be done,as the forthcoming final report of the Incergenerational Comm]ssion will lay out.We can deliver the health and care older generations deserve,withoul simply asking younger workers to bear all the costs.We can do more to promote educacion and skills,especially for those who have not chosen on the university route.We can provide more security for yoimg people,from the jobs they do to the homes they renL.And we can show younger generations thal owning a home is a realit,y not a dislanl prospect in 21st-century Britain.Such an appeal across generations is che route to building a better Bricain-and a more united one,too.

Which of the following could be a proper tide for the passage?

We need to follow the lead of Britain's families and put in the hard work to renew the contract between the generations.You don't get a better Britain by chance-you have to build it.Nor are we likely to overcome the divides facing our country by accident-we have to unify it.But when it comes to ensuring that Britain works for all generations,young and old,as a society we too often leave il to chance,something families would never do.The giving and taking of the generational contract,in which we support young and old,feels like the natural order of things.Cont.ributing when we can and being looked after when in need is what we do every day as 14 million parents bring up their children.And just as that contract underpins our families,it has long underpinned our socieLy and welfare state.But this intergeneraLional conLiact is under pressure.We are already failing to provide the social care our older generations deserve,need and expect.And this is before the real pressures,and a~24bn bill,from delivering on our health and care obligations in an ageing society arrive in the next decade.Solution after solution has been panned,binned or pushed into the long grass by government after government.The need co renew our intergenerational conLract is clear and urgenl,bul doing so is far from easy.It requires new thinking and tough trade-offsPfrom how we deal wich the fiscal pressures of an ageing society in a way that is generationally fair,to how we deliver the housing young people need while respecting the communities everyone values.And the polit,ics are far from straightforward.Renewal should involve an agenda appealing to all generations,but voters'party preferences have never been so starkly divided by age.This state of affairs-with the Conservatives reliant on older people who are most likely to vote,and Labour sitting on a lead amongst younger generations who represent the fucure of British elections-is not desirable for the parties themselves or our counlry as a whole.We need our political leaders co rise to this challenge with an appeal to all generations.It can be done,as the forthcoming final report of the Incergenerational Comm]ssion will lay out.We can deliver the health and care older generations deserve,withoul simply asking younger workers to bear all the costs.We can do more to promote educacion and skills,especially for those who have not chosen on the university route.We can provide more security for yoimg people,from the jobs they do to the homes they renL.And we can show younger generations thal owning a home is a realit,y not a dislanl prospect in 21st-century Britain.Such an appeal across generations is che route to building a better Bricain-and a more united one,too.

Which of the following sliould be considered in the new social COJitract according to the last paragraph?

When you're promoted to a new job,chere are a lot of relationships that need recalibrating.You have a new boss,new direct reports,and,important.ly,a new set of peers.How can you show you have what it takes to be their equal wilhout appearing arrogant?How do you break out of the mentee/mentor dynamic?And what should you do abouL that one colleague who doesn't take you seriously?1.Congratulations on your promotion-now you need to prove you're worthy of it in the eyes of those who have known you as an underling."Any time you change your role or you get promoted,there's a change in the rules of engagement,"says Amy Jen Su,managing part.ner of Paravis Partners and coauthor of own the Room.She recommends staying focused on the long term.Your peer group"represents a potentially powerful coalition,"she says."They are your sounding boards and sources of support."Michael Watkins,the chairman of Genesis Advisers,a professor at IMD says"You need to fundamentally reset how people see you."2."It's understandable that you may feel vulnerable and insecure,"around your new peers-especially at first,says Watkins."You are stepping up to the big leagues."You may even suffer from a touch of imposter syndrome.But you mustn't let self-doubc get the better of you.And don't assume the worst.It's highly likely that these people"weighed in on your promotion"and believe you are up to the task,adds Jen Su."They see you as qualified and capable and ready for the job."Try not to get consumed by actively"tiying to prove yourself"to your new peer group,she says.3.Be confident-but not overconfident.Othewise you risk being seen as"too big for your boots,"says Watkins.Think about"how you want to be.perceived"by your peers,and"how they will form opinions"of you,says Wackins.Go in with a collaborative mindset."You want to be viewed as a person can work with,"he says.Your goal is to demonstrace that"you're someone with a depth of knowledge but who also wants to learn and help."Project competence."Show conviction;"but be humble about it."Don't,be deferential;be appropriately respectful."4.When you're the new kid on the block,it's"incumbent on you"to reach out to your colleagues and try to get to know them,says Watkins.Upon starting the job,he recommends scheduling"a series of one-on-ones"with your new peers and talk abouc how you will best work together going fonvard."These conversations needn't be confined to conference rooms or cubicles,adds Jen Su.She suggests inviting them out for coffee or lunch-"there's huge value to spending informal time with your colleagues batting ideas around."Your objective is to become a"good thought partner"to your peers."Seek to understand their perspectives,"she says."Ask for their input-not because you need t.heir permission,but because you appreciate their counsel."5.Recasting your professional persona takes time and your colleagues'opinions of you may not shift ovemight.Be preparecl,too,that cerlain Tough cookies on your team might try to test your mettle.whaTever you do,"don't take it personally,"says Jen Su."The more you let this person get under your skin,the more they will poke you."Watkins recommends"cultivating a Thick skin and setting boundaries"of what are you and aren't willing to do."Otherwise you risk getting run over."It's also important that you not lose sight of the relationships that matter most."What your peers think about you is important,but what your boss thinks about you is very important."

2选？

When you're promoted to a new job,chere are a lot of relationships that need recalibrating.You have a new boss,new direct reports,and,important.ly,a new set of peers.How can you show you have what it takes to be their equal wilhout appearing arrogant?How do you break out of the mentee/mentor dynamic?And what should you do abouL that one colleague who doesn't take you seriously?1.Congratulations on your promotion-now you need to prove you're worthy of it in the eyes of those who have known you as an underling."Any time you change your role or you get promoted,there's a change in the rules of engagement,"says Amy Jen Su,managing part.ner of Paravis Partners and coauthor of own the Room.She recommends staying focused on the long term.Your peer group"represents a potentially powerful coalition,"she says."They are your sounding boards and sources of support."Michael Watkins,the chairman of Genesis Advisers,a professor at IMD says"You need to fundamentally reset how people see you."2."It's understandable that you may feel vulnerable and insecure,"around your new peers-especially at first,says Watkins."You are stepping up to the big leagues."You may even suffer from a touch of imposter syndrome.But you mustn't let self-doubc get the better of you.And don't assume the worst.It's highly likely that these people"weighed in on your promotion"and believe you are up to the task,adds Jen Su."They see you as qualified and capable and ready for the job."Try not to get consumed by actively"tiying to prove yourself"to your new peer group,she says.3.Be confident-but not overconfident.Othewise you risk being seen as"too big for your boots,"says Watkins.Think about"how you want to be.perceived"by your peers,and"how they will form opinions"of you,says Wackins.Go in with a collaborative mindset."You want to be viewed as a person can work with,"he says.Your goal is to demonstrace that"you're someone with a depth of knowledge but who also wants to learn and help."Project competence."Show conviction;"but be humble about it."Don't,be deferential;be appropriately respectful."4.When you're the new kid on the block,it's"incumbent on you"to reach out to your colleagues and try to get to know them,says Watkins.Upon starting the job,he recommends scheduling"a series of one-on-ones"with your new peers and talk abouc how you will best work together going fonvard."These conversations needn't be confined to conference rooms or cubicles,adds Jen Su.She suggests inviting them out for coffee or lunch-"there's huge value to spending informal time with your colleagues batting ideas around."Your objective is to become a"good thought partner"to your peers."Seek to understand their perspectives,"she says."Ask for their input-not because you need t.heir permission,but because you appreciate their counsel."5 Recasting your professional persona takes time and your colleagues'opinions of you may not shift ovemight.Be preparecl,too,that cerlain Tough cookies on your team might try to test your mettle.whaTever you do,"don't take it personally,"says Jen Su."The more you let this person get under your skin,the more they will poke you."Watkins recommends"cultivating a Thick skin and setting boundaries"of what are you and aren't willing to do."Otherwise you risk getting run over."It's also important that you not lose sight of the relationships that matter most."What your peers think about you is important,but what your boss thinks about you is very important."

1选？

When you're promoted to a new job,chere are a lot of relationships that need recalibrating.You have a new boss,new direct reports,and,important.ly,a new set of peers.How can you show you have what it takes to be their equal wilhout appearing arrogant?How do you break out of the mentee/mentor dynamic?And what should you do abouL that one colleague who doesn't take you seriously?1.Congratulations on your promotion-now you need to prove you're worthy of it in the eyes of those who have known you as an underling."Any time you change your role or you get promoted,there's a change in the rules of engagement,"says Amy Jen Su,managing part.ner of Paravis Partners and coauthor of own the Room.She recommends staying focused on the long term.Your peer group"represents a potentially powerful coalition,"she says."They are your sounding boards and sources of support."Michael Watkins,the chairman of Genesis Advisers,a professor at IMD says"You need to fundamentally reset how people see you."2."It's understandable that you may feel vulnerable and insecure,"around your new peers-especially at first,says Watkins."You are stepping up to the big leagues."You may even suffer from a touch of imposter syndrome.But you mustn't let self-doubc get the better of you.And don't assume the worst.It's highly likely that these people"weighed in on your promotion"and believe you are up to the task,adds Jen Su."They see you as qualified and capable and ready for the job."Try not to get consumed by actively"tiying to prove yourself"to your new peer group,she says.3.Be confident-but not overconfident.Othewise you risk being seen as"too big for your boots,"says Watkins.Think about"how you want to be.perceived"by your peers,and"how they will form opinions"of you,says Wackins.Go in with a collaborative mindset."You want to be viewed as a person can work with,"he says.Your goal is to demonstrace that"you're someone with a depth of knowledge but who also wants to learn and help."Project competence."Show conviction;"but be humble about it."Don't,be deferential;be appropriately respectful."4.When you're the new kid on the block,it's"incumbent on you"to reach out to your colleagues and try to get to know them,says Watkins.Upon starting the job,he recommends scheduling"a series of one-on-ones"with your new peers and talk abouc how you will best work together going fonvard."These conversations needn't be confined to conference rooms or cubicles,adds Jen Su.She suggests inviting them out for coffee or lunch-"there's huge value to spending informal time with your colleagues batting ideas around."Your objective is to become a"good thought partner"to your peers."Seek to understand their perspectives,"she says."Ask for their input-not because you need t.heir permission,but because you appreciate their counsel."5.Recasting your professional persona takes time and your colleagues'opinions of you may not shift ovemight.Be preparecl,too,that cerlain Tough cookies on your team might try to test your mettle.whaTever you do,"don't take it personally,"says Jen Su."The more you let this person get under your skin,the more they will poke you."Watkins recommends"cultivating a Thick skin and setting boundaries"of what are you and aren't willing to do."Otherwise you risk getting run over."It's also important that you not lose sight of the relationships that matter most."What your peers think about you is important,but what your boss thinks about you is very important."

5选？

When you're promoted to a new job,chere are a lot of relationships that need recalibrating.You have a new boss,new direct reports,and,important.ly,a new set of peers.How can you show you have what it takes to be their equal wilhout appearing arrogant?How do you break out of the mentee/mentor dynamic?And what should you do abouL that one colleague who doesn't take you seriously?1.Congratulations on your promotion-now you need to prove you're worthy of it in the eyes of those who have known you as an underling."Any time you change your role or you get promoted,there's a change in the rules of engagement,"says Amy Jen Su,managing part.ner of Paravis Partners and coauthor of own the Room.She recommends staying focused on the long term.Your peer group"represents a potentially powerful coalition,"she says."They are your sounding boards and sources of support."Michael Watkins,the chairman of Genesis Advisers,a professor at IMD says"You need to fundamentally reset how people see you."2."It's understandable that you may feel vulnerable and insecure,"around your new peers-especially at first,says Watkins."You are stepping up to the big leagues."You may even suffer from a touch of imposter syndrome.But you mustn't let self-doubc get the better of you.And don't assume the worst.It's highly likely that these people"weighed in on your promotion"and believe you are up to the task,adds Jen Su."They see you as qualified and capable and ready for the job."Try not to get consumed by actively"tiying to prove yourself"to your new peer group,she says.3.Be confident-but not overconfident.Othewise you risk being seen as"too big for your boots,"says Watkins.Think about"how you want to be.perceived"by your peers,and"how they will form opinions"of you,says Wackins.Go in with a collaborative mindset."You want to be viewed as a person can work with,"he says.Your goal is to demonstrace that"you're someone with a depth of knowledge but who also wants to learn and help."Project competence."Show conviction;"but be humble about it."Don't,be deferential;be appropriately respectful."4.When you're the new kid on the block,it's"incumbent on you"to reach out to your colleagues and try to get to know them,says Watkins.Upon starting the job,he recommends scheduling"a series of one-on-ones"with your new peers and talk abouc how you will best work together going fonvard."These conversations needn't be confined to conference rooms or cubicles,adds Jen Su.She suggests inviting them out for coffee or lunch-"there's huge value to spending informal time with your colleagues batting ideas around."Your objective is to become a"good thought partner"to your peers."Seek to understand their perspectives,"she says."Ask for their input-not because you need t.heir permission,but because you appreciate their counsel."5.Recasting your professional persona takes time and your colleagues'opinions of you may not shift ovemight.Be preparecl,too,that cerlain Tough cookies on your team might try to test your mettle.whaTever you do,"don't take it personally,"says Jen Su."The more you let this person get under your skin,the more they will poke you."Watkins recommends"cultivating a Thick skin and setting boundaries"of what are you and aren't willing to do."Otherwise you risk getting run over."It's also important that you not lose sight of the relationships that matter most."What your peers think about you is important,but what your boss thinks about you is very important."

4选？

When you're promoted to a new job,chere are a lot of relationships that need recalibrating.You have a new boss,new direct reports,and,important.ly,a new set of peers.How can you show you have what it takes to be their equal wilhout appearing arrogant?How do you break out of the mentee/mentor dynamic?And what should you do abouL that one colleague who doesn't take you seriously?1.Congratulations on your promotion-now you need to prove you're worthy of it in the eyes of those who have known you as an underling."Any time you change your role or you get promoted,there's a change in the rules of engagement,"says Amy Jen Su,managing part.ner of Paravis Partners and coauthor of own the Room.She recommends staying focused on the long term.Your peer group"represents a potentially powerful coalition,"she says."They are your sounding boards and sources of support."Michael Watkins,the chairman of Genesis Advisers,a professor at IMD says"You need to fundamentally reset how people see you."2."It's understandable that you may feel vulnerable and insecure,"around your new peers-especially at first,says Watkins."You are stepping up to the big leagues."You may even suffer from a touch of imposter syndrome.But you mustn't let self-doubc get the better of you.And don't assume the worst.It's highly likely that these people"weighed in on your promotion"and believe you are up to the task,adds Jen Su."They see you as qualified and capable and ready for the job."Try not to get consumed by actively"tiying to prove yourself"to your new peer group,she says.3.Be confident-but not overconfident.Othewise you risk being seen as"too big for your boots,"says Watkins.Think about"how you want to be.perceived"by your peers,and"how they will form opinions"of you,says Wackins.Go in with a collaborative mindset."You want to be viewed as a person can work with,"he says.Your goal is to demonstrace that"you're someone with a depth of knowledge but who also wants to learn and help."Project competence."Show conviction;"but be humble about it."Don't,be deferential;be appropriately respectful."4.When you're the new kid on the block,it's"incumbent on you"to reach out to your colleagues and try to get to know them,says Watkins.Upon starting the job,he recommends scheduling"a series of one-on-ones"with your new peers and talk abouc how you will best work together going fonvard."These conversations needn't be confined to conference rooms or cubicles,adds Jen Su.She suggests inviting them out for coffee or lunch-"there's huge value to spending informal time with your colleagues batting ideas around."Your objective is to become a"good thought partner"to your peers."Seek to understand their perspectives,"she says."Ask for their input-not because you need t.heir permission,but because you appreciate their counsel."5.Recasting your professional persona takes time and your colleagues'opinions of you may not shift ovemight.Be preparecl,too,that cerlain Tough cookies on your team might try to test your mettle.whaTever you do,"don't take it personally,"says Jen Su."The more you let this person get under your skin,the more they will poke you."Watkins recommends"cultivating a Thick skin and setting boundaries"of what are you and aren't willing to do."Otherwise you risk getting run over."It's also important that you not lose sight of the relationships that matter most."What your peers think about you is important,but what your boss thinks about you is very important."

3选？

（ ）You want to apply for the position of a teaching assistant for a particular course,write a letter to Professor Stevens to（1）show your interest（2）describe yourself,and（3）explain why you would be suitable for the job You should include the details you think necessary You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEE/Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use"Li Ming"instead

With only a fortnight left before the deadline,not even a third of companies,charities and public bodies have met their legal requirement to yublish figures on their gender pay gaps.There was plenty of notice that all with more than 250 employees would need to do so.The slow Dace indicates the low priority afforded to such concerns and,perhaps,a hope that embarrassing figures will be buried in a late rush of filings.It seems probable that many organisations will not comply,and it is unclear whether and how they will be punished.They should be.The figures are not perfect.Nonetheless,the data published so far is powerful.Few if any women will be surprised that male colleagues outearn them per hour.But cold statistics have real force when'they show disparities as stark as these:men at the UK wing of Coldman Sachs International earn more than twice the mean hourly pay of women Such figures demonstrate to each woman that the problem is not an isolated case,but structural.They are not alone.Now they can prove it.So far,many firms have boasted that they are commnted to diversity and that they pay the same for the same kind of work.This is not deserving of a gold star;equal pay is a legal reqUJrement,in place for almost half a century.The shame is that it is not,in fact,being met in full.Worse,many companies seem to have missed the point.They say,in essence,that the gap exists because the senior jobs are dominated by men.This is not an explanation of the problem.It is the problem itself.The pattern of more women in low-paid jobs and fewer in high-paid jobs is seen in most organisations,across very different sectors;and it is why the figures showing employment rates per quartile are every bit as important as the hourly comparison.Some women may simply leave organisations that do not reward them.Good for them;bad for the companies losing talent unnecessarily-bu will their bosses realise this?The time for excuses and explanations is over.Real progress requires a broader response,with management,unions and politicians putting forward concrete plans to change the culture through measures such as blind CVs and unconscious-bias training;and setting specific,numerical targets.The equalities watchdog should call out those who do not report,and those whose figures are woeful.The duty to report these figures is an annual one.There is a risk that their effect may dwindle in the more than twice the mean hourly pay of women.But close analysis and publicity could make them more powerful,not less;it will become evident that some companies are closing the gap while others are making little or no progress."The truth will set you free,said Gloria Steinem."But first,it will piss you off.Prepare to get angry！

With only fortnight left before the deadline,not even a third of companies,charities and public bodies have met their legal requirement to yublish figures on their gender pay gaps.There was plenty of notice that all with more than 250 employees would need to do so.The slow Dace indicates the low priority afforded to such concerns and,perhaps,a hope that embarrassing figures will be buried in a late rush of filings.It seems probable that many organisations will not comply,and it is unclear whether and how they will be punished.They should be.The figures are not perfect.Nonetheless,the data published so far is powerful.Few if any women will be surprised that male colleagues outearn them per hour.But cold statistics have real force when'they show disparities as stark as these:men at the UK wing of Coldman Sachs International earn more than twice the mean hourly pay of women Such figures demonstrate to each woman that the problem is not an isolated case,but structural.They are not alone.Now they can prove it.So far,many firms have boasted that they are commnted to diversity and that they pay the same for the same kind of work.This is not deserving of a gold star;equal pay is a legal reqUJrement,in place for almost half a century.The shame is that it is not,in fact,being met in full.Worse,many companies seem to have missed the point.They say,in essence,that the gap exists because the senior jobs are dominated by men.This is not an explanation of the problem.It is the problem itself.The pattern of more women in low-paid jobs and fewer in high-paid jobs is seen in most organisations,across very different sectors;and it is why the figures showing employment rates per quartile are every bit as important as the hourly comparison.Some women may simply leave organisations that do not reward them.Good for them;bad for the companies losing talent unnecessarily-bu will their bosses realise this?The time for excuses and explanations is over.Real progress requires a broader response,with management,unions and politicians putting forward concrete plans to change the culture through measures such as blind CVs and unconscious-bias training;and setting specific,numerical targets.The equalities watchdog should call out those who do not report,and those whose figures are woeful.The duty to report these figures is an annual one.There is a risk that their effect may dwindle in the more than twice the mean hourly pay of women.But close analysis and publicity could make them more powerful,not less;it will become evident that some companies are closing the gap while others are making little or no progress."The truth will set you free,said Gloria Steinem."But first,it will piss you off.Prepare to get angry！

With only a fortnight left before the deadline,not even third of companies,charities and public bodies have met their legal requirement to yublish figures on their gender pay gaps.There was plenty of notice that all with more than 250 employees would need to do so.The slow Dace indicates the low priority afforded to such concerns and,perhaps,a hope that embarrassing figures will be buried in a late rush of filings.It seems probable that many organisations will not comply,and it is unclear whether and how they will be punished.They should be.The figures are not perfect.Nonetheless,the data published so far is powerful.Few if any women will be surprised that male colleagues outearn them per hour.But cold statistics have real force when'they show disparities as stark as these:men at the UK wing of Coldman Sachs International earn more than twice the mean hourly pay of women.Such figures demonstrate to each woman that the problem is not an isolated case,but structural.They are not alone.Now they can prove it.So far,many firms have boasted that they are commnted to diversity and that they pay the same for the same kind of work.This is not deserving of a gold star;equal pay is a legal reqUJrement,in place for almost half a century.The shame is that it is not,in fact,being met in full.Worse,many companies seem to have missed the point.They say,in essence,that the gap exists because the senior jobs are dominated by men.This is not an explanation of the problem.It is the problem itself.The pattern of more women in low-paid jobs and fewer in high-paid jobs is seen in most organisations,across very different sectors;and it is why the figures showing employment rates per quartile are every bit as important as the hourly comparison.Some women may simply leave organisations that do not reward them.Good for them;bad for the companies losing talent unnecessarily-bu will their bosses realise this?The time for excuses and explanations is over.Real progress requires a broader response,with management,unions and politicians putting forward concrete plans to change the culture through measures such as blind CVs and unconscious-bias training;and setting specific,numerical targets.The equalities watchdog should call out those who do not report,and those whose figures are woeful.The duty to report these figures is an annual one.There is a risk that their effect may dwindle in the more than twice the mean hourly pay of women.But close analysis and publicity could make them more powerful,not less;it will become evident that some companies are closing the gap while others are making little or no progress."The truth will set you free,said Gloria Steinem."But first,it will piss you off.Prepare to get angry！

With only a fortnight left before the deadline,not even a third of companies,charities and public bodies have met their legal requirement t yublish figures on their gender pay gaps.There was plenty of notice that all with more than 250 employees would need to do so.The slow Dace indicates the low priority afforded to such concerns and,perhaps,a hope that embarrassing figures will be buried in a late rush of filings.It seems probable that many organisations will not comply,and it is unclear whether and how they will be punished.They should be.The figures are not perfect.Nonetheless,the data published so far is powerful.Few if any women will be surprised that male colleagues outearn them per hour.But cold statistics have real force when'they show disparities as stark as these:men at the UK wing of Coldman Sachs International earn more than twice the mean hourly pay of women.Such figures demonstrate to each woman that the problem is not an isolated case,but structural.They are not alone.Now they can prove it.So far,many firms have boasted that they are commnted to diversity and that they pay the same for the same kind of work.This is not deserving of a gold star;equal pay is a legal reqUJrement,in place for almost half a century.The shame is that it is not,in fact,being met in full.Worse,many companies seem to have missed the point.They say,in essence,that the gap exists because the senior jobs are dominated by men.This is not an explanation of the problem.It is the problem itself.The pattern of more women in low-paid jobs and fewer in high-paid jobs is seen in most organisations,across very different sectors;and it is why the figures showing employment rates per quartile are every bit as important as the hourly comparison.Some women may simply leave organisations that do not reward them.Good for them;bad for the companies losing talent unnecessarily-bu will their bosses realise this?The time for excuses and explanations is over.Real progress requires a broader response,with management,unions and politicians putting forward concrete plans to change the culture through measures such as blind CVs and unconscious-bias training;and setting specific,numerical targets.The equalities watchdog should call out those who do not report,and those whose figures are woeful.The duty to report these figures is an annual one.There is a risk that their effect may dwindle in the more than twice the mean hourly pay of women.But close analysis and publicity could make them more powerful,not less;it will become evident that some companies are closing the gap while others are making little or no progress."The truth will set you free,said Gloria Steinem."But first,it will piss you off.Prepare to get angry！

With only a fortnight left before the deadline,not even a third of companies,charities and public bodies have met their legal requirement to yublish figures on their gender pay gaps.There was plenty of notice that all with more than 250 employees would need to do so.The slow Dace indicates the low priority afforded to such concerns and,perhaps,a hope that embarrassing figures will be buried in a late rush of filings.It seems probable that many organisations will not comply,and it is unclear whether and how they will be punished.They should be.The figures are not perfect.Nonetheless,the data published so far is powerful.Few if any women will be surprised that male colleagues outearn them per hour.But cold statistics have real force when'they show disparities as stark as these:men at the UK wing of Coldman Sachs International earn more than twice the mean hourly pay of women.Such figures demonstrate to each woman that the problem is not an isolated case,but structural.They are not alone.Now they can prove it.So far,many firms have boasted that they are commnted to diversity and that they pay the same for the same kind of work.This is not deserving of a gold star;equal pay is a legal reqUJrement,in place for almost half a century.The shame is that it is not,in fact,being met in full.Worse,many companies seem to have missed the point.They say,in essence,that the gap exists because the senior jobs are dominated by men.This is not an explanation of the problem.It is the problem itself.The pattern of more women in low-paid jobs and fewer in high-paid jobs is seen in most organisations,across very different sectors;and it is why the figures showing employment rates per quartile are every bit as important as the hourly comparison.Some women may simply leave organisations that do not reward them.Good for them;bad for the companies losing talent unnecessarily-bu will their bosses realise this?The time for excuses and explanations is over.Real progress requires a broader response,with management,unions and politicians putting forward concrete plans to change the culture through measures such as blind CVs and unconscious-bias training;and setting specific,numerical targets.The equalities watchdog should call out those who do not report,and those whose figures are woeful.The duty to report these figures is an annual one.There is a risk that their effect may dwindle in the more than twice the mean hourly pay of women.But close analysis and publicity could make them more powerful,not less;it will become evident that some companies are closing the gap while others are making little or no progress."The truth will set you free,said Gloria Steinem."But first,i will piss you off.Prepare to get angry！

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following picture.In your essay,you should（1）describe the picture briefly（2）interpret the meaning,and h（3）give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANS WER SHEET.（20 points）