设机器字长为8，则-0 的（ ）表示为11111111。

以下关于CPU的叙述中，正确的是（ ）。

将某高级语言程序翻译为汇编语言形式的目标程序，该过程称为（）。

软件过程是制作软件产品的一组活动以及结果，这些活动主要由软件人员来完成，主要包括（请作答此空 ）。软件过程模型是软件开发实际过程的抽象与概括，它应该包括构成软件过程的各种活动。软件过程有各种各样的模型，其中，（）的活动之间存在因果关系，前一阶段工作的结果是后一段阶段工作的输入描述。

System analysis is traditionally done top-down using structured analysis based on（ ）. Object-oriented analysis focuses on creation of models. The three types of theanalysis model are（请作答此空）. There are two substages of object-oriented analysis.（ ）focuses on real-world things whose semantics the application captures. The object constructedin the requirement analysis shows the（ ）of the real-world system and organizes it intoworkable pieces.（ ）addresses the computer aspects of the application that are visible tousers. The objects are those which can be expected to vary from time to time quite rapidly.

System analysis is traditionally done top-down using structured analysis based on（ ）. Object-oriented analysis focuses on creation of models. The three types of theanalysis model are（ ）. There are two substages of object-oriented analysis.（请作答此空） focuses on real-world things whose semantics the application captures. The object constructedin the requirement analysis shows the（ ）of the real-world system and organizes it intoworkable pieces.（ ）addresses the computer aspects of the application that are visible tousers. The objects are those which can be expected to vary from time to time quite rapidly.

以下关于风险管理的叙述中，不正确的是（ ）。

System analysis is traditionally done top-down using structured analysis based on（ ）. Object-oriented analysis focuses on creation of models. The three types of theanalysis model are（ ）. There are two substages of object-oriented analysis.（ ） focuses on real-world things whose semantics the application captures. The object constructedin the requirement analysis shows the（请作答此空）of the real-world system and organizes it intoworkable pieces.（ ）addresses the computer aspects of the application that are visible tousers. The objects are those which can be expected to vary from time to time quite rapidly.

（ ）has become a fact of modern life， with millions of people now shopping on-line.

软件设计时需要遵循抽象、模块化、信息隐蔽和模块独立原则。在划分软件系统模块时，应尽量做到 （ ）

软件产品的Alpha测试和Beta测试属于（ ）。

假设磁盘块与缓冲区大小相同，每个盘块读入缓冲区的时间为 16us, 由缓冲区送至用户区的时间是 5us,在用户区内系统对每块数据的处理时间为 1us.若用户需要将大小为 10 个磁盘 块的 Doc1 文件逐块从磁盘读入缓冲区，并送至用户区进行处理，那么采用单缓冲区需要花费的时间为 （ ）us: 采用双缓冲区需要花费的时间为（请作答此空）us.

为了优化系统的性能，有时需要对系统进行调整。对于不同的系统，其调整参数也不尽相同。例如，对于数据库系统，主要包括CPU/内存使用状况、（ ）、进程/线程使用状态、日志文件大小等；对于应用系统，主要包括应用系统的可用性、响应时间、（请作答此空）、特定应用资源占用等。

计算机系统的性能一般包括两个大的方面，一个方面是处理能力，这又可分为三类指标，第一类指标是吞吐率，第二类指标是响应时间，第三类指标是（ ），即在给定时间区间中，各种部件被使用的时间与整个时间之比。

为了优化系统的性能，有时需要对系统进行调整。对于不同的系统，其调整参数也不尽相同。例如，对于数据库系统，主要包括CPU/内存使用状况、（请作答此空）、进程/线程使用状态、日志文件大小等；对于应用系统，主要包括应用系统的可用性、响应时间、（ ）、特定应用资源占用等。

以下关于RISC和CISC的叙述中，不正确的是（ ）

某系统由下图所示的冗余部件构成。若每个部件的千小时可靠度都为 R ，则该系 统的千小时可靠度为（ ）。

The main reason we tend to focus on the（ ）rather than the human side of work is not because it’s more（ ），but because it’s easier to do. Getting the new disk drive installed is positively trivial compared to figurine out why Horace is in a blue funk(恐惧）or why Susan is dissatisfied with the company aver only a few months. Human interactions are complicated and never very crisp（干脆的，干净利落的）and clean in　their effects， but they matter more than any other aspect of the work. If you find yourself concentrating on the（ ）rather than the（请作答此空 ）.you’re like the vaudeville character （杂耍人物）who loses his Keys on a dark street and looks for them on the adjacent street because，as he explains，“The light is better there!”

( ) 是计算机进行运算和数据处理的基本信息单位。

按照( )，可将计算机分为RISC（精简指令集计算机）和CISC（复杂指令集计算机）。

编译和解释是实现高级语言翻译的两种基本方式，相对应的程序分别称为编译器和解释器。与编译器相比，解释器(请作答此空)。编译器对高级语言源程序的处理过程可以划 分为词法分析、语法分析、语义分析、中间代码生成、代码优化、目标代码生成等几个阶段:其中，代码优化和( )并不是每种编译器都必需的。词法分析的作用是识 别源程序中的( )。

十六进制数CC 所对应的八进制数为（ ）。

下面说法正确的是（ ）。

指令寄存器的位数取决于（ ）。

算术表达式a*(b-c)+d的后缀式是（ ）。

由字符a、b构成的字符串中，若每个a后至少跟一个b，则该字符串集合可用正规式表示为（ ）。

在ISO制定并发布的MPEG系列标准中， （ ）标准中不包含音、视频压缩编码技术。

编译程序分析源程序的阶段依次是（ ）。

以下关于程序错误的叙述中，正确的是（ ）。

System analysis is traditionally done top-down using structured analysis based on（ ）Object-oriented analysis focuses on creation of models. The three types of the analysis model are （ ）There are two substages of object-oriented analysis. （请作答次选项）focuses on real-world things whose semantics the application captures. The object constructed in the requirement analysis shows the （ ） of the real-world system and organizes it into workable pieces. （ ）addresses the computer aspects of the application that are visible to users. The objects are those which can be expected to vary from time to time quite rapidly.

以下文件格式中，属于视频文件格式的是 （ ）

The main reason we tend to focus on the（ ）rather than the human side of work is not because it’s more（ 请作答此空 ），but because it’s easier to do. Getting the new disk drive installed is positively trivial compared to figurine out why Horace is in a blue funk(恐惧）or why Susan is dissatisfied with the company aver only a few months. Human interactions are complicated and never very crisp（干脆的，干净利落的）and clean in　their effects， but they matter more than any other aspect of the work. If you find yourself concentrating on the（ ）rather than the（ ）.you’re like the vaudeville character （杂耍人物）who loses his Keys on a dark street and looks for them on the adjacent street because，as he explains，“The light is better there!”

编译和解释是实现高级语言翻译的两种基本方式，相对应的程序分别称为编译器和解释器。与编译器相比，解释器( )。编译器对高级语言源程序的处理过程可以划 分为词法分析、语法分析、语义分析、中间代码生成、代码优化、目标代码生成等几个阶段:其中，代码优化和( )并不是每种编译器都必需的。词法分析的作用是识 别源程序中的(请作答此空)。

( )不属于脚本语言。

已知函数f1、f2的定义如下，调用f1时为传值调用，调用f2时为引用调用。设有函数调用t＝f1(5)，那么调用执行后t的值为( )。

函数f()、g()的定义如下所示。已知调用f时传递给其形参x的值是1，若以传值方式调用g，则函数f的返回值为（请作答此空）；若以传引用方式调用g，则函数f的返回值为（ ）。

函数f()、g()的定义如下所示。已知调用f时传递给其形参x的值是1，若以传值方式调用g，则函数f的返回值为（ ）；若以传引用方式调用g，则函数f的返回值为（请作答此空）。

若计算机存储数据采用的是双符号位(00表示正号、11表示负号)，两个符号相同的数相加时，如果运算结果的两个符号位经（ ）运算得1，则可断定这两个数相加的结果产生了溢出。

以下叙述中，正确的是（ ）。

海明码利用奇偶性检错和纠错，通过在n个数据位之间插入k个检验位，扩大数据编码的码距。若n=32，则k应为 （） 。

以编译方式翻译C/C++源程序的过程中，判断表达式的除数是否为零是（ ）的任务。

设32位浮点数格式如下。以下关于浮点数表示的叙述中，正确的是( )。若阶码采用补码表示，为8位（含1位阶符），尾数采用原码表示，为24位（含1位数符），不考虑规格化，阶码的最大值为(请作答此空)。

设指令由取指、分析、执行3个子部件完成，并且每个子部件的时间均为△t。若采用常规标量单流水线处理机（即该处理机的度为1），连续执行12条指令，共需 （请作答此空） △t。若采用度为4的超标量流水线处理机，连续执行上述12条指令，只需 （ ） △t。

设32位浮点数格式如下。以下关于浮点数表示的叙述中，正确的是(请作答此空)。若阶码采用补码表示，为8位（含1位阶符），尾数采用原码表示，为24位（含1位数符），不考虑规格化，阶码的最大值为( )。

下列活动，（）不属于需求开发活动的范畴。

在进行需求开发的过程中，（ ）可能会给项目带来风险。

在系统开发中，原型可以划分为不同的种类。从原型是否实现功能来分，可以分为水平原型和垂直原型；从原型最终结果来分，可以分为抛弃式原型和演化式原型。以下关于原型的叙述中，正确的是 （） 。

能力成熟度集成模型CMMI是CMM模型的最新版本，它有连续式和阶段式两种表示方式。基于连续式表示的CMMI共有6个（0～5）能力等级，每个能力等级对应到一个一般目标以及一组一般执行方法和特定方法，其中能力等级（）主要关注过程的组织标准化和部署。

软件开发模型用于指导软件开发。演化模型是在快速开发一个 ( ) 的基础上，逐步演化成最终的软件。螺旋模型综合了 (请作答此空) 的优点，并增加了 ( ) 。喷泉模型描述的是面向 ( ) 的开发过程，反映了该开发过程的 ( ) 特征。

以下关于白盒测试方法的叙述中，错误的是（）。

以下关于进度管理工具Gantt图的叙述中，正确的是 （） 。

下列关于项目估算方法的叙述不正确的是（）。

在软件维护中，由于企业的外部市场环境和管理需求的变化而导致的维护工作，属于（）维护

在白盒测试法中，（）是最弱的覆盖准则。

以下关于软件测试的叙述中，正确的是（）。

不属于黑盒测试技术的是（）。

（ ）是系统分析阶段结束后得到的工作产品，（请作答此空）是系统测试阶段完成后的工作产品。

看门狗(Watch Dog)是嵌入式系统中一种常用的保证系统可靠性的技术，（ ）会产生看门狗中断。

软件开发模型用于指导软件开发。演化模型是在快速开发一个 ( ) 的基础上，逐步演化成最终的软件。螺旋模型综合了 ( ) 的优点，并增加了 (请作答此空) 。喷泉模型描述的是面向 ( ) 的开发过程，反映了该开发过程的 ( ) 特征。

软件测试的对象不包括( )。

以下关于敏捷方法的叙述中，不正确的是( )。

（）在用LOC为自变量的函数计算软件开发工作量的基础上，再用涉及产品、硬件、人员、项目等方面属性的影响因素来调整工作量的估算。

Teams are required for most engineering projects.Although some small hardware or software products can be developed by individuals,the scale and complexity of modern systems is such,and the demand for short schedules so great,that it is no longer（请作答此空）for one person to do most engineering jobs.Systems development is a team（ ）,and the effectiveness of the team largely determines the（ ）of the engineering.Development teams often behave much like baseball or basketball teams.Even though they may have multiple specialties,all the members work toward（ ）.However,on systems maintenance and enhancement teams,the engineers often work relatively independently,much like wrestling and track teams.A team is（ ）just a group of people who happen to work together.Teamwork takes practice and it involves special skills.Teams require common processes;they need agreed-upon goals;and they need effective guidance and leadership.The methods for guiding and leading such teams are well known,but they are not obvious.

下图是一个软件项目的活动图，其中顶点表示项目里程碑，边表示包含的活动，边上的权重表示活动的持续时间，则里程碑（ ）在关键路径上。

已知函数f（ ）、g（ ）的定义如下所示，调用函数f时传递给形参x的值是5。若g（a）采用引用调用（callbyreference）方式传递参数，则函数f的返回值为（ ）；若g（a）采用值调用（callbyvalue）的方式传递参数，则函数f的返回值（请作答此空）。其中，表达式“x>>1”的含义是将x的值右移1位，相当于x除以2。

对下图所示的程序流程图进行语句覆盖测试和路径覆盖测试，至少需要（ ）个测试用例。

敏捷开发强调以人为本，与用户紧密协作，面对面沟通，尽早发布增量，小而自主的开发团队，实现敏捷开发有多种方式，其中（ ）是高效、低风险、测试先行（先写测试代码，再编写程序）。

敏捷开发强调以人为本，与用户紧密协作，面对面沟通，尽早发布增量，小而自主的开发团队，实现敏捷开发有多种方式，（ ）强调不同项目，不同策略。

某计算机系统中有一个CPU、一台输入设备和一台输出设备，假设系统中有四个作业T1、T2、T3和T4，系统采用优先级调度，且T1的优先级＞T2的优先级＞T3的优先级＞T4的优先级。每个作业具有三个程序段：输入Ii、计算Ci和输出Pi（i=1,2,3,4），其执行顺序为Ii→Ci→Pi。这四个作业各程序段并发执行的前驱图如下所示。图中④、⑤、⑥分别为（ ）。

通常可以将计算机系统中执行一条指令的过程分为取指令，分析和执行指令3步。若取指令时间为5Δt，分析时间为3Δt。执行时间为2Δt，按顺序方式从头到尾执行完600条指令所需时间为2000Δt；若按照执行第i条，分析第i+1条，读取第i+2条重叠的流水线方式执行指令，则从头到尾执行完200条指令所需时间为（ ）Δt。

通常可以将计算机系统中执行一条指令的过程分为取指令，分析和执行指令3步。若取指令时间为5Δt，分析时间为3Δt。执行时间为2Δt，按顺序方式从头到尾执行完600条指令所需时间为（ ）Δt

Why Have Formal Documents?Finally, writing the decisions down is essential. Only when one writes do the gaps appear and the （ ） protrude(突出). The act of writing turns out to require hundreds of mini-decisions, and it is the existence of these that distinguishes clear, exact policies from fuzzy ones.Second, the documents will communicate the decisions to others. The manager will be continually amazed that policies he took for common knowledge are totally unknown by some member of his team. Since his fundamental job is to keep everybody going in the （ ） direction, his chief daily task will be communication, not decision-making, and his documents will immensely （ ） this load.Finally, a manager’s documents give him a data base and checklist. By reviewing them （ ） he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed.The task of the manager is to develop a plan and then to realize it. But only the written plan is precise and communicable. Such a plan consists of documents on what, when, how much, where, and who. This small set of critical documents （请作答此空） much of the manager’s work. If their comprehensive and critical nature is recognized in the beginning, the manager can approach them as friendly tools rather than annoying busywork. He will set his direction much more crisply and quickly by doing so..

Why Have Formal Documents?Finally, writing the decisions down is essential. Only when one writes do the gaps appear and the （请作答此空） protrude(突出). The act of writing turns out to require hundreds of mini-decisions, and it is the existence of these that distinguishes clear, exact policies from fuzzy ones.Second, the documents will communicate the decisions to others. The manager will be continually amazed that policies he took for common knowledge are totally unknown by some member of his team. Since his fundamental job is to keep everybody going in the （ ） direction, his chief daily task will be communication, not decision-making, and his documents will immensely （ ） this load.Finally, a manager’s documents give him a data base and checklist. By reviewing them （ ） he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed.The task of the manager is to develop a plan and then to realize it. But only the written plan is precise and communicable. Such a plan consists of documents on what, when, how much, where, and who. This small set of critical documents （ ） much of the manager’s work. If their comprehensive and critical nature is recognized in the beginning, the manager can approach them as friendly tools rather than annoying busywork. He will set his direction much more crisply and quickly by doing so..

People are indulging in an illusion whenever they find themselves explaining at a cocktail（鸡尾酒）party，say，that the are“in computers，”or“in telecommunications，”or“in electronic funds transfer”.The implication is that they are part of the high-tech world.Just between us，they usually aren’t.The researchers who made fundamental breakthroughs in those areas are in a high-tech business.The rest of us are（ ）of their work.We use computers and other new technology components to develop our products or to organize our affairs.Because we go about this work in teams and projects and other tightly knit working group（紧密联系在一起的工作小组），we are mostly in the human communication business.Our successes stem from good human interactions by all participants in the effort，and our failures stem from poor human interactions.

Why Have Formal Documents?Finally, writing the decisions down is essential. Only when one writes do the gaps appear and the （ ） protrude(突出). The act of writing turns out to require hundreds of mini-decisions, and it is the existence of these that distinguishes clear, exact policies from fuzzy ones.Second, the documents will communicate the decisions to others. The manager will be continually amazed that policies he took for common knowledge are totally unknown by some member of his team. Since his fundamental job is to keep everybody going in the （ ） direction, his chief daily task will be communication, not decision-making, and his documents will immensely （ ） this load.Finally, a manager’s documents give him a data base and checklist. By reviewing them （请作答此空） he sees where he is, and he sees what changes of emphasis or shifts in direction are needed.The task of the manager is to develop a plan and then to realize it. But only the written plan is precise and communicable. Such a plan consists of documents on what, when, how much, where, and who. This small set of critical documents （ ） much of the manager’s work. If their comprehensive and critical nature is recognized in the beginning, the manager can approach them as friendly tools rather than annoying busywork. He will set his direction much more crisply and quickly by doing so..