简要说明撒哈拉以南非洲音乐的节奏特点，并指出非洲的主要乐器有哪些?
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
(1)撒哈拉以南非洲音乐中，节奏是最重要的因素。复节拍、复节奏、交叉节奏是非洲音乐的特点。所谓复节拍是指在乐队作品中同时使用一个以上的节拍，每一件乐器或一组乐器都在自己的节拍框架内凸显出一个独特的节奏型，而不关注整体的合作，从而产生节拍的不协和或节拍的多声部。撒哈拉以南非洲音乐的节奏构造非常发达，复杂多变。看起来十分复杂的黑人非洲音乐节奏，实际上是由极其单纯的节奏不断地“交替”或“冲突”而产生的。撒哈拉以南非洲的音乐注重节奏的变化，旋律简单并不断地重复，重音一般不在第一拍上。强烈、奔放、复杂的节奏音乐是非洲黑人对世界音乐的重大贡献。撒哈拉以南非洲的音阶多种多样，七声音阶是主要的。从乐音的构成上看，可以分成等分音阶和非等分音阶。在音程上有等距和不等距两种。
(2)①非洲鼓
非洲乐器种类繁多，最有代表性的是鼓，鼓是非洲音乐节奏的基础及表达音乐语言的最重要乐器。被称为非洲传统音乐之魂，具有神一般的崇高地位。
②马林巴
马林巴是一种带有共鸣器的木琴。它发音宽厚，余音较长，琴板下面都有用各种果壳、葫芦或罐头盒、长方形木盒等做的共鸣体，演奏时声音由琴板传到共鸣体上，产生出一种特殊的共鸣效果。
③姆比拉
姆比拉是一种用手指拨动弹奏的簧片乐器，其结构是将长短不一的细长簧片绑在一块木板上，并在其下面装有一个木盒或干葫芦作为共鸣体，人称它为“拇指钢琴”。
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