阅读下列材料:
材料一中学为内学,西学为外学;中学治身心,西学应世事,不必尽索之于经文,而必无悖于经义。如其心圣人之心,行圣人之行,以孝悌忠信为德,以尊主庇民为政,虽朝运汽轮,夕驰铁路,无害为圣人之徒也。
——张之洞《劝学篇》
材料二议院兴而民志合、民气强耳。中国户口不下四万万,果能设立议院,联络众情,如身使臂,如臂使指,合四万万之众如一人,虽以并吞四海无难也……故议院者,大用之则大效,小用之则小效者也。……盖五大洲,有君主之国,有民主之国,有君民共主之国。君主者权偏于上,民主者权偏于下,君民共主者权得其平。
——郑观应《盛世危言-议院(上)》
材料三……追本溯源,本社同人本来无罪,只因为拥护那德谟克拉西(Democracy)和赛因斯(Science)两位先生,才犯了这几条滔天的大罪。要拥护那德先生,便不得不反对孔教、礼法、贞节、旧伦理、旧政治;要拥护那赛先生,便不得不反对旧艺术、旧宗教;要拥护德先生,又要拥护赛先生,便不得不反对国粹和旧文学。……西洋人因为拥护德、赛两先生,闹了多少事,流了多少血.德、赛两先生才渐渐从黑暗中把他们救出,引到光明世界。我们现在认定只有这两位先生可以救治中国政治上道德上学术上思想上一切的黑暗。
——陈独秀《(新青年)罪案之答辩书》
请回答:
(1)材料一中的“中学(内学)”“西学(外学)”各指什么?张之洞是怎样说明它们之间关系的?
(2)概括材料二中郑观应的基本观点并指出他的观点有何进步性。
(3)结合所学知识简要评价材料三中的观点。
(4)上述三则材料的共同之处何在?材料二、三与材料一的根本目的有何不同?
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
(1)“中学”是指儒家纲常礼教;“西学”是指近代科学技术。
张之洞认为“中学治身心,西学应世事”。
(2)基本观点:设立议院;实行君主立宪制。
进步性:否定君主专制。
(3)有利于动摇封建思想的统治地位,有利于推动自然科学的发展。但对东西方文化的看法存在着偏颇。
(4)共同点:向西方学习,救亡图存。
不同点:材料二、三根本目的是发展资本主义;材料一的根本目的是维护封建统治。
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