论述人本主义学习理论及其对现代教育实践的启示。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
人本主义强调人的价值，强调人有发展的潜能，而且有发挥潜能的内在倾向即自我实现的倾向。人本主义学习观的代表人物为卡尔*罗杰斯。
(1)人本主义理论认为，学习是个人潜能的充分发展，是人格的发展，是自我的发展。学习的实质在于意义学习。
(2)对学习过程的认识。意义学习是一个没有结论的过程，它包含四个要素：①学习是学习者自我参考的过程，整个人都要参与到学习之中，既包括认知参考，也包括情感参考；②学习是学习者自我发起的，内在动机在学习中起到主要作用；③学习是渗透性的，它会使学生的行为、态度以个性等都发生变化；④学习的结果是由学习者自我评价，他们知道自己想学什么，学到了什么。
(3)对当前教育实践的启示：①做一个学习的促进者要为学生创造一种环境来促进学生的意义学习。教师在教学中应当重点帮助学生明确他们想要学习什么，帮助他们安排适合的学习活动和材料，帮助学生发现他们所学东西的个人意义，建立并维持能促进学习的心理气氛。②教师要尊重学习者，无条件地接受学生，必须对学生有信心，相信学生具有发展的潜力，相信学生有能力自我发展；教师应当学会重视学生的意愿情感、需要、价值观，能够设身处地，从学生的角度去理解学生，同时也不把自己的要求强加到学生的身上。良好的师生关系是教育的前提和基础。
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