试述认知差异的教育含义。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
【要点解析】
认知方式并无优劣好坏之分，只是表现为学生对信息加工方式的某种偏爱，主要影响学生的学习方式。智力是影响学习的一个重要因素。如影响学习接受的速度、数量、举一反三的能力等。在传统教学条件下，智力是学习成绩的一个可靠的预测指标。据此，教育教学必须根据学生认知差异的特点与作用，不断改革，因材施教。
首先，应该创设适应学生认知差异的教学组织形式。例如，是按年龄分班教学还是按能力亦或是按知识水平接近的学生组成教学班(组)进行教学。斯托达德曾提出一个双重进度方案，一部分课程(必修课)采用年级制分班，而其余课程则采用能力分级制，力图使两种教学形式有机地统一起来。
其次，采用适应认知差异的教学方式，努力使教学方式个别化。布卢姆提出著名的掌握学习理论。这一理论是指向不同能力水平的学生提供最佳的教学和给予足够的学习时间而使绝大多数学生达到掌握的程度(通常要求成功地完成80%～90%的教学评价项目)。
最后，运用适应认知差异的教学手段。美国的斯金纳等人提倡程序教学，依靠教学机器或程序化教科书呈现学习程序，使学生循序进行个别学习。在现代，程序教学又发展为计算机辅助教学。它是根据程序教学的原理将电子计算机技术运用于教学的一种手段。
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