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结合例证阐述艺术作品的构成。

正确答案及解析

正确答案
解析

艺术作品的构成是:(1)内容与形式的统一。

艺术作品的内容,是指经过艺术家体验、加工和创造的人类生活,其中包括客体世界和人的主观世界。艺术内容主要指题材、主题、人物、环境、情节等诸多要素的总和;题材和主题是艺术内容的主要要素。艺术作品的形式,是指艺术作品内容的存在方式,亦即作品的内部联系和外部表现形态。其内部联系表现为内部形式,包括内容诸要素之间的相互联系和组织方式,主要指结构;其外部表现形态呈现为外部形式,即表现内容的方式和手段,包括艺术语言、艺术手法、类型体裁等。艺术作品的内容和形式是不可分割的有机体。在艺术创造中,内容常常起到主导作用,形式的选择应以是否适应内容的需要为原则;但同时,形式又呈现相对的独立性,它不仅具有独立的审美价值,而且由于形式的变换,可以直接影响和制约内容的审美价值的实现。

(2)感性与理性的统一。

在艺术作品中,感性更多的是指隐含于作品之中的情感因素,以及寄寓在形式之中的感性特色。理性是指通过作品的形象及意境所凸现出的理性内涵。

艺术作品是感性与理性的统一。一方面,艺术作品表现为感性形式与理性内容的统一;另一方面,艺术作品还表现为情感因素与理性精神的统一。

(3)再现与表现的统一。

再现是指在艺术创造中将客体世界及人物真实地呈现于作品之中。

表现是指在艺术创作中重在表达主体的情感和理想,以及对客体世界的思考和评判。

再现和表现从来都是紧密联系的,在侧重再现的艺术作品中,不可能没有表现的因素;在侧重表现的艺术作品中,也不会没有再现的因素,其间只是存在比重的差别。再现性艺术作品同样需要融入主体的情感和理想,表达作者的思想和情趣;表现性作品也要注重对客体世界及其规律的遵循,只不过它所表达的主要是心理和情感的真实。

例:老舍的话剧名作《茶馆》完美地体现了艺术作品的构成因素。首先,《茶馆》的内容反映的是中国清末到新中国成立前的社会生活,表达批判的主题;形式上,老舍设置了不同年代的三幕来集中表现最黑暗的三个时期,非常自然地展开事件,实现了内容和形式的统一。其次,老舍创作了一系列生动鲜明的形象,寄托了不同的情感倾向,同时通过这些形象,揭示了社会各阶层的生活和思想状况,体现出作者的理性分析判断能力,这正是感性与理性统一的结果。老舍一方面逼真地再现了社会生活的一幕幕情景,另一方面也在全剧中渗透了自己的思想和情感,强烈地表现出对旧社会的控诉和对光明的向往,实现了再现和表现的高度统一。

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