阅读《谏逐客书》中的一段文字，回答下列问题：
昔穆公求士，西取由余于戎，东得百里奚于宛，迎蹇叔于宋，来邳豹、公孙支于晋。此五子者，不产于秦，而穆公用之，并国二十，遂霸西戎。孝公用商鞅之法，移风易俗，民以殷盛，国以富强，百姓乐用，诸侯亲服，获楚魏之师，举地千里，至今治强。惠王用张仪之计，拔三川之地，西并巴蜀，北收上郡，南取汉中，包九夷，制鄢、郢，东据成皋之险，割膏腴之壤，遂散六国之从，使之西面事秦，功施到今。昭王得范雎，废穰侯，逐华阳，强公室，杜私门，蚕食诸侯，使秦成帝业。此四君者，皆以客之功。由此观之，客何负于秦哉!向使四君却客而不内，疏士而不用，是使国无富利之实，而秦无强大之名也。
（1）解释这段文字中画横线字的含义。
来：
举：
治：
从：
西面：
施：
杜：
（2）划分这段文字的层次，并概括层次大意。
（3）这段文字运用了哪几种论证方法
（4）这段文字所列举的秦国四位国君任用客卿建立功业各自的侧重点是什么 这样写有什么好处
（5）这段话中使用了哪种性质的论据
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
（1）来：使动用法，使……来。举：攻取。治：治理。从：同“纵”，合纵。西面：面向西。施：延续。杜：堵塞、杜绝。 （2）分两层：第一层，自“昔穆公求士”至“客何负于秦哉”，讲秦国历史上的明君任用客卿建立功业。第二层，自“向使四君却客而不内”至本段结束，讲驱逐客卿是错的。
（3）归纳法，由四君个案归纳出一般性结论：“客何负于秦哉?”对比法，任用客卿与驱逐客卿形成对比。
（4）任用客卿建立功业各自侧重的是：秦穆公争霸，秦孝公变法，秦惠王扩张，秦昭王安内。运用秦国历史上明君的事例作论据，对秦王来说，最熟悉，最亲切，最有说服力，并且暗含深意：逐客是违背列祖列宗的做法，是不孝的；任客建功各有侧重，有利突出强调客卿的多种作用。
（5）事实论据中的历史材料。
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