阅读下面一段课文，回答下列问题：
杜陵叟，杜陵居，岁种薄田一顷余。三月无雨旱风起，麦苗不秀多黄死。九月降霜秋早寒，禾穗未熟皆青干。长吏明知不申破，急敛暴征求考课。典桑卖地纳官租，明年衣食将如何 剥我身上帛，夺我口中粟，虐人害物即豺狼，何必钩爪锯牙食人肉!不知何人奏皇帝，帝心恻隐知人弊。白麻纸上书德音，京畿尽放今年税。昨日里胥方到门，手持尺牒榜乡村。十家租税九家毕，虚受吾君蠲免恩!
（1）解释这段文字中画横线字的含义。
秀：
申破：
考课：
放：
尺牒：
榜：
（2）试分析诗中人称转换有何作用
（3）阅读全诗，分析诗的层次。
（4）概括这首诗的主题思想。
（5）举例说明诗中所用的修辞方法。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
（1）秀：吐穗开花。申破：向上级申报，道破真情。考课：考核地方官吏的政绩以定升降。放：免。尺牒：传达皇帝敕令的公文。榜：张贴。 （2）这首诗开头是以第三人称叙述杜陵的一位老翁种地而受到灾害，可是随着叙述的深入，当讲到没有收成却依旧纳税，造成衣食无着后，感情渐趋激烈，直接变成了杜陵叟的愤怒控诉，“剥我身上帛，夺我口中粟，虐人害物即豺狼，何必钩爪锯牙食人肉!”这一从第三人称到第一人称的转变，是感情发展的必然，给人以更加切实的感受，是作者内心感情的真实流露，表现了作者强烈的是非观念。
（3）本诗共分四个层次。开头至“禾穗未熟皆青干”，写农夫遇到春旱秋冻，没有收成。 第二层从“长吏明知不申破”至“明年衣食将何如”，揭露地方官为了自己的政绩考核，依旧横征暴敛，百姓只好破产，典树卖地完成租税，一下子陷入了衣食无着的困境。“剥我身上帛”至“何必钩爪锯牙食人肉”，为第三层，直接指斥压榨百姓的官吏就是吃人的豺狼。最后八句为第四层，写皇帝下诏免税，可等到命令发到百姓手中，绝大部分的百姓已经破产，只得了一个接受皇恩的虚名。
（4）这首诗的主题思想是借杜陵叟的遭遇，反映当时官吏在灾年仍然上瞒下欺、勒索租税的黑暗现象，讽刺皇帝的仁慈只是使百姓虚受其恩。
（5）“虐人害物即豺狼，何必钩爪锯牙食人肉!”白居易把那些只管自己升官不顾百姓死活的贪官污吏比喻成“钩爪锯牙食人肉”的“豺狼”，对他们进行严厉痛斥；同时运用反问的语气，使得激愤之情跃然纸上。
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Heahh care experts have long drawn attention to the problems of eating too much sah．There isstrong evidence that a diet high in salt can lead to raised blood pressure．Since high blood pressure is amajor factor in heart disease．it makes sense to cut down on the salt people eat．?
In the past，food contained very little salt，and people added it to their food at the table．Very fewpeople ?add ?salt this ?way ?nowadays．However，the ?salt ?content ?of processed ?foods has ?gone ?updramatically．It’s now estimated that over three．quarters of the salt in the average diet comes fromprocessed foods，eaten without our being aware of it．?
Salt is added to food partly to extend shelf-life．but more often it’s dropped in to make up for theflavor lost in the manufacturing process．This is especially true of ready meals and highly processedfoods．but it’s also true of such basic food as biscuits，soups，and even bread．Much mass—producedbread，for instance．contains so much salt．half a gram for every hundred grams of bread--that it’sofficiallv classified bv the UK government as high——salt food．Salt has to be added to the bread becausefast Droduetion cuts down the time for the flavor to develop．Without added salt，the bread would tastelike paper．?
In the UK，the government has launched a campaign to cut down on the salt people eat．The UK Food Standards Agency argues that nearly half of the UK’s population eat too much salt—9．5 9 a day onaverage．Its aim is to bring down the average t0 69 a day．The idea is to cut the salt content in 85 keyfood categories such as bread．meat．and cakes．?
?What is the passage mainly about?
-
- A.Salt and food flavor
- B.Salt and people' s lifestyle
- C.Salt and food processing
- D.Salt and people' s health
- 查看答案
Heahh care experts have long drawn attention to the problems of eating too much sah．There isstrong evidence that a diet high in salt can lead to raised blood pressure．Since high blood pressure is amajor factor in heart disease．it makes sense to cut down on the salt people eat．?
In the past，food contained very little salt，and people added it to their food at the table．Very fewpeople ?add ?salt this ?way ?nowadays．However，the ?salt ?content ?of processed ?foods has ?gone ?updramatically．It’s now estimated that over three．quarters of the salt in the average diet comes fromprocessed foods，eaten without our being aware of it．?
Salt is added to food partly to extend shelf-life．but more often it’s dropped in to make up for theflavor lost in the manufacturing process．This is especially true of ready meals and highly processedfoods．but it’s also true of such basic food as biscuits，soups，and even bread．Much mass—producedbread，for instance．contains so much salt．half a gram for every hundred grams of bread--that it’sofficiallv classified bv the UK government as high——salt food．Salt has to be added to the bread becausefast Droduetion cuts down the time for the flavor to develop．Without added salt，the bread would tastelike paper．?
In the UK，the government has launched a campaign to cut down on the salt people eat．The UK Food Standards Agency argues that nearly half of the UK’s population eat too much salt—9．5 9 a day onaverage．Its aim is to bring down the average t0 69 a day．The idea is to cut the salt content in 85 keyfood categories such as bread．meat．and cakes．?
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- B.Light-cooked meat
- C.Sweet biscuits
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Heahh care experts have long drawn attention to the problems of eating too much sah．There isstrong evidence that a diet high in salt can lead to raised blood pressure．Since high blood pressure is amajor factor in heart disease．it makes sense to cut down on the salt people eat．?
In the past，food contained very little salt，and people added it to their food at the table．Very fewpeople ?add ?salt this ?way ?nowadays．However，the ?salt ?content ?of processed ?foods has ?gone ?updramatically．It’s now estimated that over three．quarters of the salt in the average diet comes fromprocessed foods，eaten without our being aware of it．?
Salt is added to food partly to extend shelf-life．but more often it’s dropped in to make up for theflavor lost in the manufacturing process．This is especially true of ready meals and highly processedfoods．but it’s also true of such basic food as biscuits，soups，and even bread．Much mass—producedbread，for instance．contains so much salt．half a gram for every hundred grams of bread--that it’sofficiallv classified bv the UK government as high——salt food．Salt has to be added to the bread becausefast Droduetion cuts down the time for the flavor to develop．Without added salt，the bread would tastelike paper．?
In the UK，the government has launched a campaign to cut down on the salt people eat．The UK Food Standards Agency argues that nearly half of the UK’s population eat too much salt—9．5 9 a day onaverage．Its aim is to bring down the average t0 69 a day．The idea is to cut the salt content in 85 keyfood categories such as bread．meat．and cakes．?
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