论NoSQL数据库技术及其应用
随着互联网web2.0网站的兴起，传统关系数据库在应对web2.0 网站，特别是超大规模和高并发的web2.0纯动态SNS网站上已经显得力不从心，暴露了很多难以克服的问题，而非关系型的数据库则由于其本身的特点得到了非常迅速的发展。
NoSQL（Not only SQL ）的产生就是为了解决大规模数据集合及多种数据类型带来的挑战，尤其是大数据应用难题。目前NoSQL数据库并没有一个统一的架构，根据其所采用的数据模型可以分为4类：键值（Key-Value）存储数据库、列存储数据库、文档型数据库和图（Graph）数据库。
请围绕“NoSQL数据库技术及其应用”论题，依次从以下三个方面进行论述。
1.概要叙述你参与管理和开发的软件项目以及你在其中所担任的主要工作。
2.详细论述常见的NoSQL数据库技术及其所包含的主要内容，并说明NoSQL数据库的主要适用场景。
3.结合你具体参与管理和开发的实际项目，说明具体采用哪种NoSQL数据库技术，并说明架构设计过程及其应用效果。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
一、应结合自己参与的信息系统项目，说明在其中所承担的工作。
二、
NoSQL的主要优势：
（1）避免不必要的复杂性
（2）高吞吐量
（3）高水平扩展能力和低端硬件集群
（4）避免了昂贵的对象-关系映射
NoSQL的缺点：
（1）数据模型和查询语言没有经过数学验证
（2）不支持ACID特性
（3）功能简单
（4）没有统一的查询模型
NoSQL数据库的四大分类：
1、键值（Key-Value）存储数据库
这一类数据库主要会使用到一个哈希表，这个表中有一个特定的键和一个指针指向特定的数据。Key/value模型对于IT系统来说的优势在于简单、易部署。但是如果DBA只对部分值进行查询或更新的时候，Key/value就显得效率低下了。例如：Tokyo Cabinet/Tyrant, Redis, Voldemort, Oracle BDB.
2、列存储数据库。
这部分数据库通常是用来应对分布式存储的海量数据。键仍然存在，但是它们的特点是指向了多个列。这些列是由列家族来安排的。如：Cassandra, HBase, Riak。
HBase：HBase是一个分布式的、面向列的开源数据库，该技术来源于 Fay Chang 所撰写的Google论文“Bigtable：一个结构化数据的分布式存储系统”。就像Bigtable利用了Google文件系统（File System）所提供的分布式数据存储一样，HBase在Hadoop之上提供了类似于Bigtable的能力。HBase是Apache的Hadoop项目的子项目。HBase不同于一般的关系数据库，它是一个适合于非结构化数据存储的数据库。另一个不同的是HBase基于列的而不是基于行的模式。
3、文档型数据库
文档型数据库的灵感是来自于Lotus Notes办公软件的，而且它同第一种键值存储相类似。该类型的数据模型是版本化的文档，半结构化的文档以特定的格式存储，比如JSON。文档型数据库可 以看作是键值数据库的升级版，允许之间嵌套键值。而且文档型数据库比键值数据库的查询效率更高。如：CouchDB, MongoDB. 国内也有文档型数据库SequoiaDB，已经开源。
Mongo DB：Mongo DB 是目前在IT行业非常流行的一种非关系型数据库（NoSql），其灵活的数据存储方式备受当前IT从业人员的青睐。MongoDB很好的实现了面向对象的思想（OO思想），在Mongo DB中 每一条记录都是一个Document对象。Mongo DB最大的优势在于所有的数据持久操作都无需开发人员手动编写SQL语句，直接调用方法就可以轻松的实现CRUD操作。
Sequoia DB：SequoiaDB是一款分布式非关系型文档数据库，可以被用来存取海量非关系型的数据，其底层主要基于分布式，高可用，高性能与动态数据类型设计SequoiaDB可以独立作为一款高性能可扩展的NoSQL数据库使用，也可与当前主流分布式计算框架Hadoop紧密集成。
4、图形（Graph）数据库
图形结构的数据库同其他行列以及刚性结构的SQL数据库不同，它是使用灵活的图形模型，并且能够扩展到多个服务器上。NoSQL数据库没有标准的查询语言（SQL），因此进行数据库查询需要制定数据模型。许多NoSQL数据库都有REST式的数据接口或者查询API。如：Neo4J, InfoGrid, Infinite Graph.
三、论文中需要结合项目实际工作，详细论述在项目中所采用的noSQL数据库，并详细说明实施效果。
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